The Pyramids of the Cold Section 4 • the theorization of evaporative cold by Akhenaten
Publié par Bruno Coursol dans The Pyramids of the Cold v2 le 13/05/2023 à 19:27
King Akhenaten from tutincommon on flickr and bust of Queen Nefertiti from the Ägyptisches Museum Berlin collection, presently in the Neues Museum and photographed by Philip Pikart: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefertiti#/media/File:Nofretete_Neues_Museum.jpg
Drawing of Shu by Jeff Dahl: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shu_(Egyptian_god)#/media/File:Shu_with_feather.svg
#/media/File:Shu_with_feather.svg){kind=link}
Drawing of Tefnut by A8takashi: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tefnut#/media/File:Tefnut.png
The Pyramids of the Cold v2 (May 2023) • Part B: the evaporative cooling
Section 4 • The Ankh symbol and the heretic Akhenaten and Nefertiti
In summary : King Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti represented themselves as god Shu and goddess Tefnut, the deities that combined together created the evaporative cooling in the Great Pyramid of Giza. In other words, Akhenaten and Nefertiti wanted to be seen as the ones creating the magical cold, and that is what they are giving to the heat of the solar rays : the ankh symbol is a representation of the evaporative cold.
Akhenaten and Nefertiti stopped worshiping Amun, the deity that was directly referring to the evaporative cold produced inside the Great Pyramid of Giza, but they kept worshiping the evaporative cold, from the theoretical point of view. This could be the first recorded fracture between theoretical and experimental science.
4.01 Akhenaten the heretic king
King Akhenaten was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty who abandoned Egypt's traditional polytheism for Atenism, a worship centered around one single god : Aten. But at the same time, Akhenaten represented himself as god Shu, and his wife Nefertiti as the ancient Egyptian goddess Tefnut. After Akhenaten's death, his son Tutankhamen restored the ancient traditional polytheism.
Akhenaten 's name meaning was "Effective for the Aten". Reigning about 17 years, between 1353 and 1336 BCE, or between 1351 and 1334 BCE, he was the tenth ruler of Dynasty 18. Before the fifth year of his reign, he was known as Amenhotep IV (Ancient Egyptian: jmn-ḥtp, meaning "Amun is satisfied").
4.02 The misleading theory of the monotheism of Akhenaten's religious changes
If most people know that Akhenaten pretty much wiped out every single god of his ancestors, few probably know that Akhenaten represented himself as god Shu and his wife Nefertiti as goddess Tefnut.
It looks like all the attention on the changes made by Akhenaten on the Egyptian religion, was directed towards Aten, the Solar disc god; but I think we got mislead: what we should have focus ourselves on, was Shu and Tefnut.
I understand that egyptologists didn't want to talk about anything else than Aten, because if they would have try to explain why a pharaoh and his wife were depicting themselves as gods, they would probably have to rethink everything about ancient Egyptian religion.
Representing ourselves as god is a pretty strong statement, don't you think? Some could even say it is a huge political statement.
To this day, both the French and English Wikipedia's pages about Akhenaten don't even mention that fact*. The least we can do is talk about it.
Additionally to Shu and Tefnut, Akhenaten also liked to represent the Ankh sign, a symbol I just couldn't figure out exactly until I started to work on this heretic king.
Shu, Tefnut and the Ankh symbol are linked together, and I will try to demonstrate in this article that it is Akhenaten and Nefertiti who are giving the Ankh symbols to the Aten solar disc, and not them who are receiving the Ankhs; and that the meaning of this Ankh symbol isn't "life" or "breath of life", but "cold air".
*In the entire English Wikipedia's page on Akhenaten (a document of about 10575 words, according to http://compteur-de-mots.net/), the word "Shu" appears 2 times, but only in a discussion about Aten's name; and the total amount of times that "Tefnut" is written in the page about Nefertiti… is zero (copy-paste the text in Word and use the Research function, for example). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaten
Finger Ring depicting King Akhenaten and Queen Nefertiti as Shu and Tefnut from the Metropolitan Museum of Art. New Kingdom, Amarna Period, ca. 1353–1336 BCE: metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/544679
Excerpt from the MET data sheet: "This ring was found at Amarna. The hieroglyphs may be read as an ideogram. The two seated figures are probably Akhenaten (left) and Nefertiti (right) as the deities Shu (air as indicated by the feather he holds) and Tefnut (moisture)".
4.03 Akhenaten represented himself as god Shu and Nefertiti as goddess Tefnut
It is often said that Akhenaten rejected every ancient Egyptian god and that the cult of Aten was monotheist, but it isn't exact: Shu and Tefnut were saved (among a very few other deities; but in no way, Aten was the only god worshiped under Akhenaten).
Not only Shu and Tefnut were the only deities that Akhenaten didn't reject when he decided to reject all the other ancient deities, but surprisingly he decided that he would himself be depicted as god Shu, and his wife Nefertiti as the goddess Tefnut.
"During the “Aten heresy” led by Akhenaten, Shu, and Tefnut remained popular with the apparently monotheistic pharaoh. The pharaoh and his queen (Nefertiti) were depicted as the personification of Shu and Tefnut emphasising their divinity. As the Aten represented the sun disk, the solar aspect of Shu and his link with the pharaoh apparently prevented Shu from being proscribed along with Amun and the other gods." https://ancientegyptonline.co.uk/shu/
"Even on the pharaoh's own stone sarcophagus, images of Nefertiti replaced those of traditional goddesses. Akhenaten, by associating himself with Shu and the Aten, and Nefertiti with Tefnut, had effectively presented himself and his family as living gods." https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1110/the-art-of-the-amarna-period/
King Akhenaten worshiping Aten. Please notice the Ankh sign pointed towards the nose of Akhenaten as a sphinx. Source: Echnaton (Akhenaten) as Sphinx. From Amarna. Kestner Museum, Hannover. Photographed by Hans Ollermann on flickr: https://www.flickr.com/photos/menesje/2212492438/
4.04 The Akhenaten sphinx basking in the Aten Sun: beams are about heat, not light
This image showing King Akhenaten in the form of a sphinx is maybe one of the best representations of the real meaning of the sun Aten.
It is said that Aten is radiating beams of light, but the position of the sphinx is telling us another story : he is depicted resting on the ground with the sun beams all around him, back included, and these beams have hands at their ends.
Hands are made for touching, so the solar beams are "touching" the sphinx but also all the scenery around him : they are not light beams but they are transmitting the heat radiating from the Solar disc Aten and they are "petting" the sphinx who is basking in the sun.
"Shu is thus not only "air which is in the sun", but also, according to Akhenaton's religion, "heat which is in Aton". Egyptian Myths And Legend, By Donald Mackenzie
Aten is a representation of the heat, and in my opinion it is just here to emphasize Akhenaten's role/performance/demonstration into cold production.
Aten is not shown with beams of light emanating from him: he is radiating heat.
If Akhenaten is receiving the Ankh symbols of life from Aten because of the hands at the end of the Solar beams, why is there also hands on every single beam, whether they are directed towards Akhenaten/Nefertiti or not ?
Hands are not giving the Ankh symbols, they are taking them from Akhenaten and Nefertiti.
Detail (showing Akhenaten) of the relief of King Akhenaten (Akhenaton) and Queen Nefertiti, in the State Museums at Berlin: King Akhenaton (left) with his wife, Queen Nefertiti, and three of their daughters under the rays of the sun god Aton, altar relief, mid-14th century BCE. Photographed by Steven Zucker and posted on flickr: https://www.flickr.com/photos/profzucker/7670416780/in/photostream/
4.05 King Akhenaten and Nefertiti were creating cold air: that is the meaning of the Ankh symbol
If it is Akhenaten/Shu (meaning the dry warm air) and Nefertiti/Tefnut (meaning the spat water in the form of droplets) who are giving the Ankh symbols to the Solar disc Aten, then it means that the Ankh symbol is what comes out of the association of Shu and Tefnut: cold air.
The Ankh is the symbol of cold air, an element that is processed through the nose and that explains why Akhenaten and Nefertiti are expelling Ankh symbols through the nose: they are expelling cold air through the nose.
The hands at the end of the Solar beams are not meant to grab something (exception made of the Ankhs generated by Akhenaten and Nefertiti), they are here to emphasize the fact that these beams were touching things and people. The beams are representing the heat of the Solar disc Aten, and only Akhenaten and Nefertiti themselves would be able to respond to it, with the cold air: the Ankh symbols.
4.06 The Ankh is the symbol of the evaporative cooling
Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti represented themselves as god Shu and goddess Tefnut, the deities that combined together created the evaporative cooling in the Great Pyramid of Khufu.
In other words, Akhenaten and Nefertiti wanted to be seen as the ones creating the magical cold, and that is what they are giving to the heat of the solar rays: the ankh symbol is the cold.
Please note on this State Museums at Berlin's relief, that both Akhenaten (above photograph) and Nefertiti (photograph below) have Ankh signs next to their noses. These Ankhs aren't given to them by Aten, but it is they, Akhenaten and Nefertiti who are giving the Ankh symbols: they are offering the cold.
It is the association of dry warm air (personified as god Shu) and spat water (the goddess Tefnut), that was producing the cold in the horizontal passage of the Great Pyramid, by evaporative cooling.
4.07 Goddess Tefnut isn't a representation of any kind of water: she stands for spat water, that is water in form of liquid droplets
Tefnut isn't a representation of any kind of water and it is not about the water from the Nile (that is represented with god Hapi), or water from the ocean or water to drink: Tefnut is representing spat water, that is water in form of liquid droplets, whether it is dew drops, or rain drops or even tinier drops that are responsible for moisture and humid air.
This water spitting thing is so important that this is even represented in her name.
"Tefnut (tfnwt) is a deity of moisture, moist air, dew and rain in Ancient Egyptian religion."
"Literally translating as "That Water", the name Tefnut has been linked to the verb 'tfn' meaning 'to spit' and versions of the creation myth say that Ra (or Atum) spat her out and her name was written as a mouth spitting in late texts." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tefnut
4.08 God Shu isn't a representation of any kind of air: he stands for dry and warm air but also fog
"The ancient Egyptian god Shu is represented as a human with feathers on his head, as he is associated with dry and warm air." [...]
"Fog and clouds were also Shu's elements" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shu_(Egyptian_god)
"Shu is thus not only "air which is in the sun", but also, according to Akhenaton's religion, "heat which is in Aton". Egyptian Myths And Legend, By Donald Mackenzie
4.09 Theoretical physics (SHU and TEFNUT) versus experimental physics (AMUN)
I couldn't find any reference to the roles that took Shu and Tefnut under the reign of Amenhotep III, but it is well documented that his son Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten) represented himself in Shu (the god of dry and warm air), while his wife Nefertiti represented herself in Tefnut (the goddess of spat water). We've also seen that this is Akhenaten who is giving the Ankh symbol to the heat of Aten.
And this is the key to understand what happened with Akhenaten heretic vision of religion.
We've seen that worshiping Amun or the Aten, at the time of Amenhotep III was considered to be the same thing. It was 2 different point of views of the same thing, 2 visions of the evaporative cooling process: the theoretical point of view and the experimental point of view.
For hundreds of years, what had been worshiped the most was what happened in the Great Pyramid : Apep (the pressurized waters of the well), Atum (the small amount of pressurized water ejected out of the well at each cycle of operating of the impactor), Nefertem (the pipe and the fog nozzle) and Amun (the fog of microdroplets evaporating and creating the cold), are all directly referring to the Great Pyramid.
Shu (the god of dry and warm air), Tefnut (the goddess of spat water), Geb (the god of liquid water) and Nut (the goddess of humidity, water in the air), are all about the theoretical point of view of the evaporative process.
For some reason, what Amenhotep III and IV (Akhenaten) wanted to do, is to focus their worshiping to the theoretical vision of the evaporative process, to the detriment of the historical experimental accomplishments in the Great Pyramid.
"Theoretical physics is a branch of physics that employs mathematical models and abstractions of physical objects and systems to rationalize, explain and predict natural phenomena. This is in contrast to experimental physics, which uses experimental tools to probe these phenomena." Source Wikipedia
4.10 Akhenaten rejected everything about HOW was produced the cold, and HOW it will be used
It is like Akhenaten decided to forget and disprove every part of ancient religion that referred to how was created the cold : all the gods referring to the Grand Gallery (like Ptah, Sokar, Osiris, Aker...) or the Great Serpent Apep of the inclined well or even Nefertem and its fog nozzle in the horizontal passage. But he also wasn't interested in how it will be used in the Solvay process cooling (Horus, Isis, Nephthys, Seth...).
In other words, Akhenaten wanted to concentrate its worship on the central part of his ancestors work, the magical part of the entire Solvay manufacturing: the cold and the chemical manufactured products of the Solvay process itself.
Representations of ancient Egyptian god Amun. Draw courtesy of Jeff Dahl: wiki/Amun#/media/File:Amun.svg
Head of Amun from the Metropolitan Museum of Art: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/544780
4.11 Aten "simply became another way in which to express one's devotion to Amun" simply means that the devotion to Aten = the devotion to Amun
About Amun : "His cult was the most powerful and popular in Egypt for centuries", but Amenhotep III and his son Akhenaten wanted to banish Amun and replace him with Aten : this is not Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV) who introduced the cult to Aten, but his father Amenhotep III, and the Aten was also directly referring to the cult of Amun.
"By the time of Amenhotep III (1386-1353 B.C.E), the priests owned more land, had more cash on hand, and were almost as powerful as the pharaoh. Amenhotep III introduced religious reforms in an attempt to curb the power of the priesthood, but they were fairly ineffective.
His most significant reform was the elevation of a formerly minor deity, Aten, to his personal patron and encouraged the worship of this god alongside Amun. The cult of Amun was unaffected by this, however, and continued to grow. Aten was already associated with Amun and with Ra as the solar disc representative of the sun's divine power. The symbol of Aten simply became another way in which to express one's devotion to Amun, and the priests continued to live their comfortable lives of privilege and power." https://www.worldhistory.org/amun/
In summary : the devotion to Aten = devotion to Amun.
4.12 Amun is the personification of the Dendera Light fog of microdroplets creating the evaporative cold
If, in some ways, Amun = Aten, and Aten is all about the evaporating cooling because of Shu and Tefnut, then it means that Amun is also about the evaporative cooling.
"Amun (also Amon, Ammon, Amen, Amun-Ra) is the ancient Egyptian god of the sun and air. He is one of the most important gods of ancient Egypt who rose to prominence at Thebes at the beginning of the period of the New Kingdom (c. 1570-1069 BCE). His cult was the most powerful and popular in Egypt for centuries."
"He was known as "The Concealed God" - he whose nature could not be known and associated with air or the wind which can be felt but not seen or touched."
"His name means "the hidden one," "invisible," "mysterious of form"… His presence was everywhere, unseen but felt like the wind." https://www.worldhistory.org/amun/
All these epithets of Amun are strongly suggesting that he was the representation of the fog of microdroplets that was created into the horizontal cooling passage of the Great Pyramid : it was becoming humidity, water in the form of a gas, hence invisible, with no shape and it was engulfing into the passage with the speed of the wind.
In other words, Amun is the personification of the Dendera Light.
The idea of Amun being a metaphoric personification of the Dendera Light / fog of microdroplets evaporating and creating the cold, is reinforced by the similarities between Amun and Aten, the god worshiped by Amenhotep III and his son, Akhenaten.
Relief showing Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti worshipping the Aten. Tel el Amarna, Aten Temple.
Pharaoh king Taharqa "presenting god Hemen with wine" E25276 from the Louvre Museum, Paris (right image).
This amazing artifact from the Louvre Museum is outstanding, because it shows a pharaoh kneeled down in front of the representations of the heat generated by the chemical manufacturing (the falcon) and the cold production (the snake), both put on the representation of the impactor of the grand gallery / inclined well : the wooden hollow base of the figure.
4.13 Akhenaten only changed the rules, not the game
"During the Amarna Period (1353 - 1336 BCE), when Akhenaten banned the cult of Amun along with the rest of the gods and raised the god Aten as the sole god of Egypt, the ankh sign continued in popular use. The symbol is seen in paintings and inscriptions at the end of the beams of light emanating from the solar disc of Aten, bringing life to those who believe." https://www.worldhistory.org/Ankh/
This excerpt from worldhistory.com is particularly interesting : the academic interpretation is that the ankh sign is given by Aten to Akhenaten and Nefertiti.
But I disagree. In my opinion, this scene has to be interpreted in the exact same way as the one with pharaoh Amasis and his two jars, on the above photograph.
King Amasis was following the tradition : he was worshiping the entire story of his ancestors and he was demonstrating that the chemical manufacturing of sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate by the Solvay process was successful.
King Akhenaten doesn't want to continue worshiping non important gods, he doesn't care about the technical part of the process, he just cares about the cold and he wants to be associated with it.
The cold is the only thing you need to complete the Solvay process.
The evaporative cooling is the transformation of dry warm air into cold air, using water in form of droplets, but the key is air. The cooling is producing cold air. And air is processed through the nose.
Akhenaten not only wanted to show that he was successfully able to manufacture the Solvay products, but he also wanted to demonstrate that he was creating the cold.
King Akhenaten is represented giving the 2 jars containing sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate to the Aten Solar disc, but he is also represented breathing cold air.
4.14 The meaning of Akhenaten's name is "Effective for the Aten": it suggests that he was supposed to produce something
The idea that Akhenaten is depicted giving something to Aten, instead of the opposite, is actually suggested in his name : the meaning of Akhenaten is "Effective for the Aten". And that was also true for the first 5 years of his reign when his name was Amenhotep IV, from the ancient Egyptian: jmn-ḥtp, meaning "Amun is satisfied".
Diagram of the operating Great Pyramid of Egypt for evaporative cold production (hypothetically for chemical manufacturing cooling of pure sodium carbonate "natron", the salt used for the mummification of pharaohs). When in operation, the elevation of the Great Pyramid was not finished, and it is only after the shutdown procedure and the draining of the inclined well, that the 3 granite plugs were finally close to one another.
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The Pyramids of the Cold version 2 (May 2023 - April 2024)
Summary of the study and Table of Contents
Part A: The evaporative cooling process
Section 1 • The horizontal evaporative cooling passage layout
Section 2 • The Dendera Light and the creation of the fog of microdroplets by the fog nozzle
Section 3 • The water cycle glorifying metaphors: Geb, Shu, Nut, Tefnut
Section 4 • The theorization of the evaporative cooling process by Akhenaten and Nefertiti
Section 5 • The theorization of the evaporative cooling process in the Weighing of the Heart
Part B • The inclined well of the Great Pyramid of Giza
Section 6 • The inclined well layout and the girdle stones
Section 7 • The Taweret "Lady of the Well" temporary sealing granite plug of the well
Section 8 • The Bes temporary wedging block immobilizing Taweret
Section 9 • The draining of the well
Section 10 • The Great Serpent Apep and the snake water metaphors
Section 11 • The Was scepter and the control over "snakes"
Section 12 • The beating Heart of the Great Pyramid
Part C • The composite impactor of the Great Pyramid (Horus, Ra, Osiris, Medjed, Sobek...)
Section 13 • The wooden and stone composite design of the impactor: Ra and Osiris
Section 14 • The endlessly immersed Osiris stone and the seed metaphor
Section 15 • The Anubis sledge and the bobsled mask
Section 16 • The sledge runners of the impactor: Thoth
Section 17 • Medjed: the smiter nobody can ever see
Section 18 • The Apis bull and the ramming impactor's metaphors
Section 19 • The crocodile god Sobek impactor (more or less) floating in the waters of the well
Section 20 • The Obelisk and the Benben stone rising from water
Part D • The Grand Gallery's of the Great Pyramid of Giza
Section 21 • The Sacred "sloping paths" of the "oval-shaped cavern of the act of Hauling"
Section 22 • The central wooden caisson of the Gallery: Sekhmet and the Triad of Memphis
Section 23 • The hauling ropes of the Grand Gallery: Isis, Nephthys, Hatmehit, Wadjet and Nekhbet
Section 24 • The hauling Beetle and the Seven Scorpions of Isis
Section 25 • The Great Cow goddess Hathor and the operating cycle of the hauling Beetle
Section 26 • The 10 operating phases of the Grand Gallery
Section 27 • The guide to the Afterlife for the smart traveler and the canopic jars
Section 28 • The scarab amulet glorifications of the hauling Beetle
Part E • The very large and roughly finished sarcophagus of the Great Pyramid
Section 29 • The biosand filter sarcophagus of the Great Pyramid
Section 30 • The Elephantine Triad deification of the biosand filter of the Great Pyramid
Section 31 • The Great Pyramid's operating flat roof and the water supply issue
Part F • Chemical manufacturing and industrial cooling before the Great Pyramid
Section 32 • The Serdab and the "Refreshment of the Gods" Step Pyramid of Djoser
Section 33 • Sneferu's Red Pyramid and the accumulated ammonia
Section 34 • The Disc of Sabu and the Solvay process for pure natron manufacturing
Part G • The tremendous impact of the Great Pyramid on the whole ancient world
Section 35 • The hidden secrets of the Hermetica Emerald Tablet (around 1600 C.E.)
Section 36 • Thor and the magical Hammer in the Great Hall of Bilskirnir
Section 37 • The Churning of the waters of the Ocean of Milk (Hindu mythology)
Section 38 • The Tibetan prayer wheels and the Grand Gallery's operation
Section 39 and Conclusion • The cooling water of spitting Kebechet
Part H • Epilogue
Section 40 • The smiting Ark of the Covenant and the Ten Commandments
Section 41 • The 293 kilograms windlass Staff of Moses and Aaron... and the First Plague of Egypt: water turning into blood
Section 42 • Ezekiel's Four Egyptian pulley "Wheels within the Wheels" and the four angel ropes
Section 43 • David, Saul, two giant Goliaths, five little stones, an aeolian harp... and a weaver's beam
Section 44 • The holy water fonts and the biosand filter
Part I • The magicians of the Great Pyramid of Giza
Section 45 • The Legend of Khufu and the "magician" polymath Imhotep
Section 46 • The two magical eyes of Isis and the brilliant but painful flame of her twin sister's braids
Section 47 • The Aegis Shield of Athena "Subduer of the Winds" and the upper hatch of the central wooden caisson
hannuzke
good day Sir/Madam, First of all, I'm not sure if this is the feedback form for your work on your analysis on the Egyptian pyramids and above, the interpretation of the water cycle. Secondly, I'm not sure if my comments are published in public. So for now I refrain myself from elaborate comments. Taken all you have written I am with you for most of the way. However, I few questions remain. How would the water replenishing cycle be executed? How do you see people being in the pyramids whilst the reactor is operating? Where would the end product be taken out of the reactor? How would you deal with the safety of staff in the presence of residual ammonia? Do you have an explaination for why there is only one disc remaining? What puzzles me most is, if such advances knowledge of chemistry was avialable, and I think your explainations are plausible, the construction needs and machining needed to build the reactor in granite require very advanced construction knowledge. Do you have any suggestions here? Anyways, I would appreciate the possibility to have some open exchange of thoughts on the matter/subject. For now have a good day and thank you a lot for what is already a massive task to dive into, and to write down. Thanks again for your efforts. Have a nice day, Marc
p.s. I'm a chemist by education, work in R&D for over 35 years, and function on daily basis at the interface between physics, chemistry, mechanics and electronics.
