Wedjat Eye of Horus Falcon Headed God of the Sky and the 80 years conflict with Set refer to the natron manufacturing failures before evaporative cooling was mastered ©2021

The Wedjat Eye of Horus (œil Oudjat) is an ancient Egyptian religious representation of the Falcon Headed god of the Sky Horus. It represents the disc of Sabu, inserted inside a Solvay counterflow reaction chamber that needed to be cooled down to complete the Solvay process cycles. The broken Eye of Horus is a metaphor of 80 years of failure in the mastering of this process, that ended up with broken discs of Sabu into pieces.

What pharaoh Amasis is proudly showing to us, is the proof, the demonstration that he was successfully able to master the "magical" chemical manufacturing of sodium carbonate (the purest mineral form of natron) and sodium bicarbonate.

On these images, the element that Horus is holding, is the fog nozzle of the horizontal evaporative cooling passage of the Great Pyramid of Khufu. The nozzle produced a fog of microdroplets (the Dendera Light) that would naturally evaporate and cool the air inside the passage, most probably close to 5°C (41°F).

Left image : Kneeling statuette of King Amasis from the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New-York. Accession Number: 35.9.3 ; 570–526 B.C. Images of Horus :  Horus Figure E3752 from the Louvre Museum and figurine of Horus DUT162 also from the Louvre Museum Top right : Egyptian Mongoose (ichneumon)  E 14227 from the Louvre Museum, Paris (detail) © Musée du Louvre / Hervé Lewandowski.

Antique brass fire fog nozzle : Vintage Brass Navy Water Fire Fog Nozzle (USS Kittson, 1944) from Chairish website.

Horus / The Falcon Headed ancient Egyptian god of the Sky

Wikipedia : "Horus is one of the most significant ancient Egyptian deities who served many functions, most notably god of kingship and the sky. He was worshipped from at least the late prehistoric Egypt until the Ptolemaic Kingdom and Roman Egypt. He was most often depicted as a falcon, or as a man with a falcon head".

Wikipedia : "Additional meanings are thought to have been "the distant one" or "one who is above, over"

Most of ancient Egyptian gods and religious artifacts didn't exist at the time when the Great Pyramid was built

The first thing we should have in mind in regards to ancient Egyptian studies, is that pretty much everything we can think of nowadays with religious significance, didn't exist at the time when Sneferu was building his pyramids and planning for the Great Pyramid at Giza, that I believe will inherit his son, Khufu.

At the time of Sneferu and the Fourth Dynasty, the scarab amulets didn't exist ; gods Horus, Isis, Osiris, Nefertem, Ptah, Sokar, etc. didn't exist. The Eye of Horus didn't exist. The Four Sons of Horus didn't exist. The scarab beetle faced god Kephri-Ra didn't exist. The 8 Ogdoad primordial deities didn't exist. All these elements only start to appear progressively with the Fifth and Sixth Dynasty.

The question everyone should ask, is what the heck happened, that would explain that suddenly, in just a period of a few decades, scarab beetle amulets were crafted by vast numbers and all these new "gods" appear with so many unusual artifacts (the Khepeshes, the wooden base of figurines in the shape of a wooden beam, Nefertem copper pipes, etc.).

Pretty much everything we know about ancient Egyptian religion starts with the pyramid texts on the Fifth Dynasty.

Wikipedia : "The Pyramid Texts are the oldest ancient Egyptian funerary texts, dating to the late Old Kingdom. They are the earliest known corpus of ancient Egyptian religious texts. Written in Old Egyptian, the pyramid texts were carved onto the subterranean walls and sarcophagi of pyramids at Saqqara from the end of the Fifth Dynasty, and throughout the Sixth Dynasty of the Old Kingdom, and into the Eighth Dynasty of the First Intermediate Period".

Pharaohs Amasis and Hatshepsut are not shown in a purification or baptism act : they are not bringing libation vessels so that their content would be used right away ; they are demonstrating that the chemical manufacturing of sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate was successful. On the artifact farther below, king Taharqa is doing the same thing, but in front of the representations of the chemical manufacturing process heat (the falcon) and its cooling (the snake).

If it was for purification, there wouldn't need to be 2 vessels, and the lids would have been removed.

It is said in literature that this exact kind of ancient Egyptian libation vessels are made for water purification, or sometimes for beer or wine. But if you really are planning for a religious purification act, you don't come with the lids on the libation vessels : you remove the lids. If the lids are still on the vessels, it is because whatever is inside them, it needed to be sealed off.

Left images : Kneeling statuette of King Amasis from the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New-York. Accession Number: 35.9.3 ; 570–526 B.C. Center image : Large Kneeling Statue of Hatshepsut. Accession Number : 30.3.1 also from the MET (ca. 1479–1458 B.C).

Horus / The metaphoric representation of the Natron manufacturing

As I have already suggested in previous posts, I believe that what we call today "ancient Egyptian gods" were actually metaphoric representations of Natron manufacturing by a Solvay-like process, that started most probably before Dynasty 1. This "quest" was nothing else than an applied research programme on the field of chemical manufacturing and it is even possible that this programme resulted in the very first Dynasty, the "Dynasty 0" or " Dynasty 00".

These 2 myths are actually referring to very real events, but the first thing to understand is that ancient Egyptian scientific and technological knowledge was nothing like modern Egyptologists love to describe.

I'm not saying they were using electricity or any other thing that fancy, but they were at the very top of what we call today "Low Technology". The Low Tech is based on very natural and simple concepts, but if you have "infinite human and financial resources" like pharaohs did, you can achieve extraordinary results.

The Great Pyramid of Khufu is the outcome of that research programme, but what we know of that pyramid today is only its lower part. That "Lower Great Pyramid" was designed to produce, store and transfer cold to the Upper Great Pyramid, where were installed the counterflow reaction Solvay chambers.

The cold was produced by one of the most important Low Technology : the adiabatic evaporative cooling. If you put very small droplets of liquid water into dry air, the water evaporates by taking energy from the air. As a result, the air loses energy and cool down.

Chemistry was the real secret of ancient Egyptian pharaohs and Djed Pillars were very real structures involved in that field.

The 2 final magical products of the Solvay process : sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate

It is only since I started to work on the Red Pyramid of Sneferu that I could figure out the reason why ancient Egyptians had to produce cold in the Great Pyramid : they were trying to master the natron manufacturing by the Solvay process, or a Solvay-like process. Since then, I only focused myself on the sodium carbonate manufacturing, because it is the purest mineral form of natron, and so I thought it was the goal of the entire process ; but it was probably a mistake : the Solvay process final products are actually 2 different components : the sodium carbonate (natron Na2CO3) and the sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3, also called today baking soda or bicarbonate of soda).

Both have plenty of purposes, but the more important is that they were made by pure chemistry. That chemistry craft was most probably seen by the people as pure magic.

If I'm correct, the 2 libation vessels shown in so many figures and reliefs, are actually representing these 2 components.

The 2 patinated vessels : the successful chemical manufacturing demonstration

I may be wrong, because I don't know the history of this particular Amasis figurine shown above, but it also looks like the 2 vessels appear patinated, like they were touched hundreds or thousands of times, like worshipping people still do today on some parts of statues all over the world.

For more details about the Natron manufacturing and the Solvay process, please visit the post on the Red Pyramid.

Left photographs  : sarcophagus of the burial chamber of Thutmes III, Tomb KV34 thanks to ARCE, American Research Center in Egypt in partnership with the American University in Cairo Egyptology Department (search for the "gallery" menu). The first image #10643 (foot end) shows Isis and the second image #10644 (head end) shows Nephthys (photographer : Francis Dzikowski). Right images : Bent Pyramid of Sneferu at Dahshur, Western part of the Horizontal Passage with Portcullis, thanks to the ISIDA Project, Research Society on Ancient Artifacts

Isis and Nephthys are shown preparing the content of the 2 libation vessels

What we see on the sarcophagus photographs of Thutmes III from ARCE, is the ultimate fabrication step of the 2 components presented by the pharaohs. But it is not Thutmes III that is preparing them : it is goddesses Isis and Nephthys.

How these 2 libation vessels could be an offering from the pharaoh if their content is made by goddesses?

Isis and Nephthys are shown doing the filtration of the chemical manufacturing on sand filters

The final step of the chemical manufacturing process of sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate, was 4500 years ago, like it is still today, the filtration of the components. This filtration is represented in ancient Egyptian art by what is described as "collars" in literature, but are actually sand filter, from which are dripping liquid drops.

There is one of these sand filters still in place in Sneferu's Bent Pyramid, and we can see on the photograph from the ISIDA project, that its sand is probably still in place, as well as the portcullis that controlled its supply.

In brief, the sarcophagus of Thutmes III could most likely indicates that :

• Isis is the representation of the sodium carbonate manufacturing ("magical" mineral purest form of natron)

• Nephthys is the representation of the sodium bicarbonate manufacturing

For now, the only reason why Isis would be associated with the sodium carbonate, the natron, instead of Nephthys, is only because natron had most probably a higher value compared to the sodium bicarbonate because of its use in the mummification process ; and the fact that Isis has a much more important presence in ancient Egyptian religion compared to Nephthys.

Pharaoh king Taharqa presenting god Hemen with wine E25276, from the Louvre Museum, Paris. 

This amazing artifact from the Louvre Museum is outstanding, because it shows a pharaoh kneeled down in front of the representations of the heat generated by the chemical manufacturing (the falcon) and the cold production (the snake), both put on the representation of the impactor of the grand gallery / inclined well : the wooden hollow base of the figure.

King Taharqa is thanking the gods for the successful chemical manufacturing

There is no offering in this scene : the pharaoh isn't giving anything to anybody and he is even not physically connected to the rest of the artifact because he is not part of the action.

That is the falcon and the snake who gave the content of the bowls to him.

The falcon is a metaphor of the natron manufacturing heat and the snake represents the cold made out of water that cooled down the reactions.

King Taharqa, like Amasis and Hatshepsut, is simply thanking the gods with the highest respect for giving him the 2 bowls content, and that is certainly not wine as indicated in the data sheet of the artifact, but very much probably sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate if I am right about the Solvay process.

The fact that the snake is gently put between the falcon's legs, is also a perfect metaphor of the balance achieved between the heat of the Upper Great Pyramid chemical reactions and the cold produced by the Lower Great Pyramid.

The falcon and the snake should engage into a mortal combat, but they are not, they have been perfectly domesticated ; the heat and the cold have been perfectly mastered.

The chemical manufacturing as a legitimacy to reign demonstration

These statues of pharaohs holding the 2 vessels, would also reinforce the idea that part of pharaohs legitimacy to reign was coming from their ability to demonstrate their mastering of the "magical" chemical manufacturing to their people.

The ancient Egyptian god Horus, holding the fog nozzle of the evaporative cooling passage of the Great Pyramid.

Horus images : E3752 from the Louvre Museum and figurine of Horus DUT162 also from the Louvre Museum ; Paris, France, Hauteur : 9 cm ; Largeur : 2,7 cm ; Profondeur : 6 cm. Date de création/fabrication : Basse Epoque (664 - 332 BCE).

Evaporative cooling applications webpage screenshot : AquaFog® from Jaybird Manufacturing Inc (Pennsylvania, USA).

The surprising efficiency of the evaporative cooling process that created cold in the horizontal passage of the Great Pyramid of Khufu, is still used today in modern evaporative coolers

"Evaporative coolers lower the temperature of air using the principle of evaporative cooling, unlike typical air conditioning systems which use vapor-compression refrigeration or absorption refrigeration. Evaporative cooling is the conversion of liquid water into vapor using the thermal energy in the air, resulting in a lower air temperature". Source : Wikipedia

Hapi, the ancient Egyptian god of the Nile and flood. Left : Statue of the God Hapy. Late Period, Dynasty 26, VII–VI cent. B. C. © The Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts. Right : Statuette du dieu de la crue du Nil Hâpi, N5030 from the Louvre Museum (via  l’Agence photo de la Réunion des Musées nationaux et du Grand Palais © Musée du Louvre, Dist. RMN-Grand Palais / Christian Décamps).

Hapi, the god of the representation of the water supply of the pyramid, holding the evaporative cooling fog nozzle

Horus is not the only god holding the fog nozzle, here are other examples with the god Hapi. The way that Hapi is holding the fog nozzle should convince the greatest skeptics that this so particular element wasn't a libation vessel used for purification or baptism.

It is not a coincidence that Hapi is also holding the fog nozzle : Hapi was the god of the Nile, and we've already seen that the water used inside the Great Pyramid for the impactor to move and the cold to be produced, was most probably coming from the Nile. 

Apep was the representation of the inclined well waters, pressurized by the fall of the impactor, and "Apep was seen as a giant snake or serpent leading to such titles as Serpent from the Nile" (Source : Wikipedia).

The Horus, Isis and Nephthys triad, showing the cooling fluid transfer metaphor with overly large belly buttons.

Left : Amulet depicting Isis, Horus, and Nephthys from the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New-York. 664–30 B.C. Accession Number: 26.7.890. Center : Triad of Isis, the Child Horus, and Nephthys, from the Brooklyn Museum. 305-30 B.C.E, Accession Number 37.939E. Right : Glencairn Museum News | Number 8, 2020 : Divine Mothers: Power and Protection. Amulet showing Isis, Horus, and Nephthys (Glencairn Museum E163).

Hapi's belly button and the overly large Horus/Isis/Nephthys triad's belly buttons : the "transfer" of the cold

We've already seen that the metaphor used with goddess Isis breastfeeding Horus the child was about the cold fluid transfer, and there is another one here with the figure of god of the Nile Hapi from the The Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts.

This time the fog nozzle isn't pointed to Hapi's face like it is the case on the Horus' figures, but it is pointed to its belly button, and that is a reference to the umbilical cord.

Contrary to Horus (the chemical manufacturing representation), Hapi is not the beneficiary of the cold, he is the one who created it in the first place : he was giving the water and he had to transfer it.

In brief, on this triad :

• Horus is the representation of the chemical manufacturing process in its globality : the Solvay or Solvay-like process

• Isis could be the representation of the sodium carbonate manufacturing ("magical" mineral purest form of natron)

• Nephthys could be the representation of the sodium bicarbonate manufacturing

The name of the serpent goddess of embalming liquid Kebechet, that refreshes and purifies the pharaoh, means literally "cooling water"

This idea of a serpent representing water and cold, involved in the mummification process (the natron is the salt used for this occasion), and that progressively emerged from my work, is actually a genuine one, and she has a name : goddess Kebechet.

Wikipedia : "In Egyptian mythology, Kebechet (also transliterated as Khebhut, Kebehut, Qébéhout, Kabehchet and Kebehwet) is a goddess, a deification of embalming liquid."

"Her name means cooling water" and "in the Pyramid Texts, Kebechet is referred to as a serpent who "refreshes and purifies" the pharaoh..." . Also : "Kebechet was thought to give water to the spirits of the dead while they waited for the mummification process to be complete."

On this artifact of Kebechet, my interpretation is the following : the snake represents the entire sequence of the pressurized water spat out of the inclined well. The tail of the snake is the section of the well involved in the process, its body is the horizontal passage and its head is the fog nozzle. The structure on which the snake is put, is the horizontal passage itself, and it ends just after the step, before the entry to the Queen's chamber.

The Kebechet "cooling water" artifact associated with the feather emblem of god of warm dry air Shu

At the beginning of the horizontal passage representation, there is also a feather, that most probably is a representation of the dry warm air that was injected into the passage between 2 consecutives cycles.

That feather is also a known representation of god Shu, that is precisely the god of warm and dry air. Shu is also known to have produced cooling and fog (see farther below, same post).

Scribe and Official Accession Number 45.18 from the Brooklyn Museum (ca. 670-650 BCE).

Catalogue Description : "fragment of limestone tomb relief. At left in raised relief, incomplete figure of seated man. In center, squatting scribe, body entirely frontal, facing left, holding in front of him a long palette. At right, large unidentified object (a misunderstood scribe's box?). Inscriptions in raised relief; left 'Stewart of the land of Lower Egypt'; center, 'Scribe of the gang of Lower Egypt?".

The fog nozzle coupled with the Kebechet snake tail

The confirmation that the Kebechet artifact could indeed be a representation of the fog nozzle and its "Nefertem supply pipe"; could come from this relief from the Brooklyn Museum, where a similar tail of the Kebechet snake artifact is coupled in its front part with a representation of the nozzle itself.

On the Dendera Light relief drawing, please notice that what seems to be important here isn't the snake, but the spat venom of the snake. Also, you can see that the characters holding the snake are showing a double outline, the same way that the character holding (or offering) the Dendera Light does, on the right part of the drawing. The Dendera Light is produced by the snake, or as explained : by the venom of the snake. This particular relief is describing how was produced the microdroplets fog of sprayed water and the double outline is a representation of the cold : they are cold and they get goosebumps.

Dendera Light drawing from the New York Public Library (Digital Collections). Author : Auguste Mariette, 1821-1881

The Dendera Light is the venom spray of a spitting cobra : the representation of the fog nozzle operating

The reasons why the snake has been chosen to represent the water and the fog nozzle operating are numerous ; among them is the way that the serpent is moving, or its moving into water, it's posture attack and the way it is spitting out its venom to attack or defend itself.

That drawing of one of the Dendera Light reliefs, is absolutely outstanding, because it is organized the same way we do today in every single science book : the theoretical part on one side and the practical part on the other side.

On the left side of the drawing, we can see that the key element is the spat venom of the snake and not the snake by itself : that represents the sprayed water ; and on the right side we can see the practical application of the concept inside the horizontal passage of the Great Pyramid : from the inclined well (the ascending passage), is the water pipe going to the fog nozzle and resulting in the microdroplets fog.

Please note that 1/ the angle of the Dendera Light Bulb is very similar to the angle of the typical venom spray of a spitting snake ; and 2/ the shape of the Light Bulb is very similar to the shape of the horizontal passage.

Snake stones in a chapel in Dendera and relief in the Temple of Edfu. These 2 reliefs are showing that the Dendera Light (first and second images) and the fog nozzle (second image, with the Dendera Light), were in some way connected.

The Great Pyramid of Khufu operating functional diagram for the Lower Pyramid cold production in the horizontal evaporative cooling passage and natron manufacturing by a Solvay-like process on the Upper Pyramid. Updated October 10, 2021 with the addition of the little imprint for the small granite block on the inclined well floor, between the girdle stones G8 and G9 (please see the following post on the Great Serpent Apep for the details).

The Lower and Upper Egypt origin

If I am correct, this division between the Upper and the Lower Great Pyramid* is the origin of the Lower and Upper Egypt. (*that functional division was not specific to the Great Pyramid : other pyramids, mastabas or similar structures designed for the natron manufacturing, would also show these 2 divisons ; the Lower and Upper Egypt division is way older than the Great Pyramid).

It really seems that the Great Pyramid is the first structure to benefit from evaporative cooling and that before this pyramid, only direct water cooling was used.

Wikipedia : "Horus is often associated with Lower Egypt and Set with Upper Egypt.". "In this tale (The Contendings of Horus and Seth), it was said that Set, the patron of Upper Egypt, and Horus, the patron of Lower Egypt, had battled for Egypt brutally, with neither side victorious, until eventually, the gods sided with Horus."

Wand in the form of a two-headed serpent, Accession Number 2002.32 from the Museum of Fine Arts Boston

How many fog nozzles were actually set in the evaporative passage?

Since the beginning of my work on the fog nozzle, I assumed that only one nozzle was responsible of transforming the pressurized water into a fog of microdroplets.

But actually, we can find representations of 2, 3 or even 4 coupled nozzles.

It is difficult to say how many nozzles were used, because these 2, 3 or 4 coupled nozzles could have been used for tests or in later structures. It is also not impossible that the Great Pyramid was used over a much more longer period of time that we think. The Great Pyramid is not alone on the Giza plateau : next to it are the Pyramid of Khafre and the Pyramid of Menkaure. What if these 2 pharaohs also used the Great Pyramid, and that some modifications were made along the way for better efficiency, on the Great Pyramid fog nozzle design?

Left and Right : Wand in the form of a two-headed serpent, Accession Number 2002.32 from the Museum of Fine Arts Boston. Center : hesvaas ; dubbel, inventory number: F 1955/1.4 from the Rijksmuseum van Oudheden in Leiden, The Netherlands

The extra long pipe with no decoration whatsoever (like the Nefertem pipe)

Please note on the enlarged picture on the right, that the snake only has decorations on its head. Like on the Nefertem emblem pipe, there is no detail or decoration on the rest of the body of the snake : this is just a pipe.

The Great Pyramid of Khufu horizontal evaporative cooling passage. Elevation data (inches) : "The pyramids and temples of Gizeh", by Petrie, W. M. Flinders (William Matthew Flinders), Sir, 1853-1942 ; section 40 (page 66) : "Passage to Queen's Chamber"

On all these figures, the fog nozzle is directly pointed towards the head or the chest of the character. The photograph in the center shows the fog nozzle with the start of the water supply pipe coming from the exit of the inclined well, and is also pointed towards the Falcon god of the Sky Horus.

First image : E3752, from the Louvre Museum. Purification scene, Horus falcon headed god with libation vessel. Center and lower image : figure of Horus DUT162 also from the Louvre Museum ; Paris, France, Hauteur : 9 cm ; Largeur : 2,7 cm ; Profondeur : 6 cm. Date de création/fabrication : Basse Epoque (664 - 332 BCE). Right images : Egyptian Mongoose (ichneumon)  E 14227 from the Louvre Museum, Paris © Musée du Louvre / Hervé Lewandowski.

Upper center image : Vintage Brass Kitson Navy Water Fire Nozzle from Chairish website. Other images are showing modern firefighter fog nozzles.

Please note that if Horus (Louvre E3752) or the man in front of the mongoose (Louvre E14227) are pointing the fog nozzle right to their face and chest, the other side of the nozzle seems to have been broken and there is no clean cut : something was attached to it, probably the start of the water supply pipe.

The fog nozzle of the Great Pyramid design

The fog nozzle of the Great Pyramid of Khufu at Giza, Egypt, seems to have been designed as a mix of a modern firefighter fog nozzle (the many teeth we can find on the LACMA artifact, farther below) and a vintage brass fire nozzle like the ones produced for the USS Kittson in 1944.

Another difference of design between the Great Pyramid fog nozzle and the Kittson nozzle, is that the top part of the Kittson nozzle end, is actually designed for solid stream : there is an additional part that doesn't show on the bottom part of the nozzle.

If you take this top part and the handle out of the picture, the resemblance with the nozzle hold by Horus is stricking.

Atum figures in form of a Serpent in the Brooklyn Museum : Snake Coffin Accession Number 36.624 (Dynasty 26 or later) and Snake Coffin (Atum) Accession Number 16.600 (Dynasty 26 to 31).

The Serpent god Atum : the other representation of the fog nozzle and cooling

"In the Book of the Dead, which was still current in the Graeco-Roman period, the sun god Atum is said to have ascended from chaos-waters with the appearance of a snake, the animal renewing itself every morning."

The Serpent god Atum spat out Shu, the god of air, and Tefnut, the goddess of moisture

"Early myths state that Atum created the god Shu and goddess Tefnut by spitting them out of his mouth. Other myths state Atum created by masturbation…"

"He produced from his own sneeze, or in some accounts, semen, Shu, the god of air, and Tefnut, the goddess of moisture."

My comments : when it is said Atum was created by masturbation, it is of course another metaphor here. When Isis is breastfeeding Horus, it is not milk he is receiving, but the cold liquid solution ; the same way when Atum is depicted masturbating, or when semen is invoked, it is only a way of depicting the high pressurized water coming out of the fog nozzle into microdroplets.

Once again, there is no breastfeeding, no masturbation, no semen and no spitting snake (see the Dendera Light post). These are only metaphors of the cooling fluids and the fog nozzle functioning with pressurized water.

God Shu (spat out by the Serpent Atum) was associated with dry warm air, cooling and fog

"The ancient Egyptian god Shu is represented as a human with feathers on his head, as he is associated with dry and warm air."

"As the air, Shu was considered to be a cooling, and thus calming, influence, and pacifier. Due to the association with dry air, calm, and thus Ma'at (truth, justice, order, and balance), Shu was depicted as the dry air/atmosphere between the earth and sky, separating the two realms after the event of the First Occasion."

"Fog and clouds were also Shu's elements and they were often called his bones. Because of his position between the sky and earth, he was also known as the wind."

Source : Wikipedia page on ancient Egyptian god Shu

God Tefnut (also spat out by the Serpent Atum) was associated with spat water and moisture

"Tefnut (tfnwt) is a deity of moisture, moist air, dew and rain in Ancient Egyptian religion."

"Literally translating as "That Water", the name Tefnut has been linked to the verb 'tfn' meaning 'to spit'."

Source : Wikipedia page on ancient Egyptian god Tefnut

On this picture, god Set is depicted trying to kill the Great Serpent Apep, because as an excessive heat representation, Set was seen as fighting the cooling of the process. In this scene, Set is trying to kill the snake so he is aiming for its head, he is not trying to cut him into pieces. Images from Jeff Dahl on Wikipedia and Soutekh67 on Wikimedia Commons

Set is the representation of the (excessive) heat produced by the chemical manufacturing

Set could be seen as the representation of the overheat of the chambers that needed to be dissipated, and he is only associated with the Upper Pyramid.

Set is the evil part of the chemical manufacturing. 

On the above image, Set is attacking the Great Serpent Apep, he is attacking the water, so he is attacking the cold made out of water.

The scene is tricky because Set is on the same boat as Ra (the Solar Barque), but they are really actually fighting one another. Set could be seen as evil on Ra's shoulder.

"He (Set) is conceived as the sun that kills with the arrows of heat". Source (first paragraph).

The real fight in the myth about Apep is with Set : the fight is about the balance to achieve between the extensive heat generated by the counterflow reactions of the Solvay process and the cold production, first by direct water cooling, then by evaporative cooling.

Left : Nefertem figure Accession Number 10.175.131 from the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New-York. Second image is the Nefertem Emblem, inventory number N 5118, from the Louvre Museum © Musée du Louvre / Christian Décamps. Top left : a modern spanner wrench designed to connect or disconnect metal fittings. The tooth at the end of the curved part of the tool is designed to engage onto the protuberances of the fitting. Antique brass fire nozzle : Vintage Brass Kitson Navy Water Fire Nozzle from Chairish website. Bottom right picture : ancient Egyptian Khepesh Scimitars (exact dating is unknown to me).

Nefertem and the Khepesh-Scimitar : the fittings spanner wrench

Nefertem is having a Khepesh-Scimitar on the right hand, that is described as a warfare blade with sharpened edges, even if many examples have dull edges that apparently were never intended to be sharp.

According to scholars, "it may therefore be possible that some Khepeshes found in high-status graves were ceremonial variants". But in my opinion, the idea that the reason why some Khepeshes weren't sharp at all, would be because they would have been for ceremonial use, couldn't be more wrong. Even today, the ceremonial Japanese katanas are maybe the most sharp of all katanas precisely because they are for ceremonial use. They are the best and the most expensive ones. The only katanas or any other kind of sword, that would be with dull edges, are the ones for kids to play, and they would be in plastic or wood.

My interpretation of the Khepesh hold by Nefertem is radically different : to connect the pipe to the fog nozzle, or pipe pieces to each other, they would certainly have to use fittings. And as a former french winemaker, I know one thing for sure about pipes and fittings : when you want to connect or disconnect these elements, and you're not in the US or in Canda where you guys have clamps, you need a spanner wrench.

The Khepesh that Nefertem is holding isn't for warfare, it is a spanner wrench.

Nefertem "had arisen from the primal waters " and was the "beautiful one who closes" or "one who does not close"

1 • The Nefertem "close or not close" reference

The brass fire fog nozzle shown in the above photograph is designed to be manually handled and is equipped with a handle that doesn't appear on the representations of the fog nozzle of the Great Pyramid. That nozzle was either functioning or not, depending if the inclined well was pressurized or not.

And that echoes to the Nefertem description :

Wikipedia : "Nefertem, possibly "beautiful one who closes" or "one who does not close", (also spelled Nefertum or Nefer-temu) was, in Egyptian mythology, originally a lotus flower at the creation of the world, who had arisen from the primal waters".

"Close or not close" is not a bad definition for what was really representing Nefertem : the fog nozzle of the horizontal passage. This nozzle was eventually nothing else than a huge water tap that transformed pressurized water from the inclined well (the ascending passage) into a mist of microdroplets of liquid water. There was no valve though, just the fall of the impactor inside the grand gallery of the Great Pyramid that pressurized the well.

2 • The Nefertem "arisen from the primal waters" reference

That part have already been discussed in the previous post on the myth about Apep : the primal waters are describing the inclined well waters themselves.

God Nefertem is another metaphor, this time it is representing the fog nozzle itself and its operating.

The fog nozzle of the horizontal evaporative cooling passage of the Great Pyramid was most probably very similar to a modern firefighter fog nozzle.

The image on the left is the Nefertem Emblem, inventory number N 5118, from the Louvre Museum © Musée du Louvre / Christian Décamps. Second image from the LACMA : Cultic Aegis and Menat with a Goddess Head. Egypt, 19th and 20th Dynasties (1315 - 1081 BCE). Bronze, 4 1/4 × 4 1/2 × 5 5/8 in. (10.8 × 11.43 × 14.29 cm). The Phil Berg Collection at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art.

The center image is a modern firefighter fog nozzle.

The Wedjat Eye of Horus and the disc of Sabu. The draw, showing the dome shaped plates in their counterflow reaction chambers, comes from a technical data sheet of a European 1800's sodium carbonate manufacturing based on the Ammonia Soda Solvay process, and is fully explained on Lenntech website (The Netherlands).

The 80 years of conflict and challenges between Horus and Set

Wikipedia : "Horus was told by his mother, Isis, to protect the people of Egypt from Set, the god of the desert, who had killed Horus' father, Osiris. Horus had many battles with Set, not only to avenge his father, but to choose the rightful ruler of Egypt. In these battles, Horus came to be associated with Lower Egypt, and became its patron."

1 • The Wedjat Eye of Horus broken into pieces is the Disc of Sabu

​The Wedjat Eye of Horus is representing a disc of Sabu, inserted inside a counterflow reaction Solvay chamber. The snake is a representation of the cold produced to cool down the reactions and it was made of water.

The first attempts to balance the reaction temperatures were most probably made by simple direct water cooling until the evaporative cooling was implemented and mastered in the Great Pyramid of Khufu.

The vulture is another representation of the excessive heat produced by the Solvay process, he is embracing the entire Eye and he is gonna eat the cold. That cold is represented by the snake, and its cooling fluid is connected on the Eye, where tears are coming from.

The tears of the Eye, or the breastfeeding of Horus by Isis, or the snake predators feeding animal metaphor (mongoose, hawks, vultures, crocodiles, cats, ibis, etc.), all this is describing the cooling of the chemical process.

The disc of Sabu is made of metamorphic siltstone, a very fragile material that is actually a schist stone, and it had been entirely carved from a single block. When the balance between excessive heat and cooling failed, the discs of Sabu were susceptible to break over excessive thermal stress, whether it resulted from excessive heat or excessive cooling, in particular with direct water cooling.

Wikipedia : "The Eye of Horus, wedjat eye or udjat eye is a concept and symbol in ancient Egyptian religion that represents well-being, healing, and protection. It derives from the mythical conflict between the god Horus with his rival Set, in which Set tore out or destroyed one or both of Horus's eyes and the eye was subsequently healed or returned to Horus."

The solar barque entering the underworld primal waters is the representation of the impactor of the Great Pyramid entering the inclined well.

2 • The wooden and stone boat race / The wooden cradle float and granite weight of the impactor

Wikipedia : "… the other gods were getting tired from over eighty years of fighting and challenges. Horus and Set challenged each other to a boat race, where they each raced in a boat made of stone. Horus and Set agreed, and the race started. But Horus had an edge: his boat was made of wood painted to resemble stone, rather than true stone. Set's boat, being made of heavy stone, sank, but Horus' did not. Horus then won the race, and Set stepped down and officially gave Horus the throne of Egypt."

The wooden cradle float that was the main structure of the impactor is represented in many Ptah-Sokar-Osiris figurine bases. The weight made in stone is most of the time only fully represented on Imhotep's figures. 

Images on the left : Ptah-Sokar-Osiris Figure, Accession Number: 21.9.1a-c from the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New-York. On view at The Met Fifth Avenue. On the right : Imhotep's figures showing the granite block weight, without the wooden cradle float : figure of Imhotep EA40666 from the British Museum

On this image, The Great Serpent Apep god of Chaos is restraint by ropes : it is representing the restraint of the pressurized water of the inclined well by the girdle stones. These girdles are represented in U-shaped red elements on the relief, because the 3 upper girdles are actually half girdles, each built in 2 U-shaped blocks. The snake metaphors real meaning : the water of the Great Pyramid.

Under the head of the snake, the knife cuts are also representing the fact that while it was restraint, a small portion of it was separated from the rest of the water. That small amount of water, maybe a few hundred liters, was then injected into the evaporative cooling passage, passing through the fog nozzle.

The ropes restraining the serpent indicate that the inclined well is pressurized, and that a small amount of it is ready to be separated to get injected into the evaporative cooling passage ; that explains why Anubis is showing off his knife : the well has been prepared by the impactor and he is ready to make the "cut".

For more details on the Apep representations of the inclined well waters, the meaning of its fight against Sun god Ra and the 14 girdle stones of the ascending passage, please visit its dedicated post

The ancient Egyptian god of the Sky Horus as a child, represented breast-fed by Isis and with a falcon head, holding the fog nozzle of the evaporative cooling passage of the Great Pyramid. Left image :  Isis nursing Horus from the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New-York. 1070–343 B.C. Third Intermediate Period–Late Period. Accession Number: 17.190.1641. Center image : Egyptian Mongoose (ichneumon)  E 14227 from the Louvre Museum, Paris © Musée du Louvre / Hervé Lewandowski. Right image : Statue of a Crocodile with the Head of a Falcon AN 22.347 from the Walters Art Museum, Baltimore, Maryland.

The representation and metaphors of the Solvay chambers/Djed Pillars cooling

1 • The Isis breastfeeding metaphor of Horus the child : the cooling/transfer fluid

Horus is often represented on many figures as a child with Isis breastfeeding him. This scene is not to be taken literally.

Like everything else about ancient Egyptian religion, this is only a metaphor.

There is no breastfeeding, and no Horus as a child. The metaphor is about the transfer of the cooling fluid from the Queen's chamber to the Solvay towers. Isis is not giving milk to Horus, but the cold brine that is circulating into the cold plate exchanger that was installed inside that chamber.

2 • The snake predators feeding metaphors

We've seen that the key element of the operating of the Great Pyramid, was the water and that it was represented by a snake. The great amount of pressurized water inside the inclined well was represented by the Great Serpent Apep (Apophis) and the small amount of water injected inside the evaporative cooling passage was represented in the Dendera reliefs by a small snake.

So the snake is a representation of the cold, and that cold was transferred to the Solvay towers. It is like the Solvay towers were needed to be fed with the cold. That explains why so many animals that are eating snakes as a regular diet, appear so often in ancient Egyptian religion scenes.

The mongoose, the hawk and vulture, the crocodile, the cat, the ibis... all of them are snake predators : they are nothing else than feeding metaphors for the Solvay reaction chambers.

Please note the hawk headed crocodile figurine on the above photograph. What these 2 animals have in common : they eat snakes.

If we consider Horus to be the representation of the Natron manufacturing by the Solvay process and Set, as the overheating of the Solvay reaction chambers, it would explain a lot of things and in particular the famous conflict between Horus and Set, that lasted 80 years.

Horus can be tricky to understand, because he is a representation of the natron manufacturing that was located on the Upper Pyramid, but he was cooled down by the Lower Pyramid. That explains certain meanings of his name.

The disc of Sabu was installed inside chemical reaction chambers of Solvay towers, the Djed Pillars

Horus god of the Sky, but also the "distant one" or "one who is above, over"

Wikipedia : "Horus is one of the most significant ancient Egyptian deities who served many functions, most notably god of kingship and the sky. He was worshipped from at least the late prehistoric Egypt until the Ptolemaic Kingdom and Roman Egypt. He was most often depicted as a falcon, or as a man with a falcon head".

If we consider Horus to be the representation of the Natron manufacturing by the Solvay process and Set, as the overheating of the Solvay reaction chambers, it would explain a lot of things and in particular the famous conflict between Horus and Set, that lasted 80 years.

Horus can be tricky to understand, because he is a representation of the natron manufacturing that was located on the Upper Pyramid, but he was cooled down by the Lower Pyramid. That explains certain meanings of his name :

Wikipedia : "Additional meanings are thought to have been "the distant one" or "one who is above, over"

Horus, as the Natron manufacturing unit representation on the Upper part of the Great Pyramid was indeed away and over everybody who were working in the grand gallery, precisely to cool down the reaction chambers.

But some other clues also suggest that the elevation of the Great Pyramid wasn't finished at the time when it was functional and that there was kind of a flat roof, or partial flat roof, at the level of the Lady Arbuthnot chamber.

• The copper parts hammered down onto the doors (or Gantenbrink's slab) on the upper part of the Queen's northern and southern shafts.

• The change of direction of the northern King's chamber shaft

• The granite beams of the King's chamber complex that no longer rest on granite but on regular limestone blocks.

In other words, the Solvay towers were in open air, on the Upper part of the Great Pyramid and that explains another name of Horus : god of the Sky.

Wikipedia : "Khnum or also romanised Khnemu (...) was one of the earliest-known Egyptian deities, originally the god of the source of the Nile. In art, Khnum was usually depicted as a ram-headed man at a potter's wheel, with recently created children's bodies standing on the wheel. He was also shown holding a jar from which flowed a stream of water."

Left image : Cnouphis-Nilus (Jupiter-Nilus, Dieu Nil) N372.2 C35 from the Brooklyn Museum. Center image : E3752, from the Louvre Museum. Purification scene, Horus falcon headed god with libation vessel. Right drawing from the New York Public Library (Digital Collections). Author : Auguste Mariette, 1821-1881. 

Khnum god of the Nile : the water supply of the pyramid was coming from the Nile

When a stream of water is depicted in ancient Egyptian religious art, we must absolutely think twice before being able to determine the direction of the stream. On the Dendera Light reliefs, this is easy because the snake is spiting its venom, but in many other scenes, it is way more complicated.

We've already seen in the previous post about Apep (Apophis), that all the water would have probably come from the Nile :

Wikipedia: "Apep was seen as a giant snake or serpent leading to such titles as Serpent from the Nile".

We've also seen in that same Apep post, that many ancient Egyptian religious text are mentioning the "creation" concept, related to dry air and moisture.

If Khnum (also Khnemu), the god of the Nile, and one of the very first primordial ancient Egyptian deities, was known of the "Lord of created things from himself", then it confirms the idea that all the water used in the Great Pyramid in order to create the cold in the Queen's chamber, was indeed coming from the Nile.

Khnum, as the god of the Nile, is painted in vivid blue and is representing the water supply of the Great Pyramid. He is not involved with the cold production, his role is strictly restrained to the water supply of the pyramid. Though, his ram's horn headdress is also showing the first step necessary to produce that cold : the pressurization of the well waters.

The ram horns are a metaphor of the impactor effect on the inclined well waters.

Khnum is holding the fog nozzle in the exact same way as Horus does : the stream of water isn't getting out of the nozzle, it is getting in the nozzle. The scene is showing the water supply of the fog nozzle.

The Ramesses "Baptism of Pharaoh" described as a purification scene, is actually showing ancient Egyptian gods Horus and Thoth pointing the fog nozzle of the Great Pyramid, directly to their own heads. Horus and Thoth are representing the 2 Solvay towers that were set on the Upper part of the Great Pyramid, that needed to be cool down.

The result of the Solvay process is the purest mineral form of natron : sodium carbonate, and that is this mineral that is "poured" all over the body of pharaoh Ramesses.

Ramesses purification scene "Baptism of Pharaoh" : the fog nozzle is pointed towards Horus and Thoth

The above image showing pharaoh Ramesses (center of the image) with god Thoth, in one of his forms as an ibis-headed man, and Horus as a falcon-headed man, has been completely misinterpreted.

The scene is described as the purification (some people even talk about "baptism"), of the pharaoh Ramesses by Horus Thoth gods, and that some water is poured from a kind of libation vase.

But this can't be correct, because some Horus figures are showing that he is holding the element pointed directly to his own face and that is also the same thing here.

The purification scene of Ramesses has to be read in the exact opposite way that we usually do : Horus and Thoth are pointing the element to their own faces, and the result is that Ramesses gets ankh and was hieroglyphs all over his body (or it represents the "holy" water supply of the nozzle).

We've seen in previous posts the meaning of the element that Horus (and here Thoth as well) is holding : it is the fog nozzle of the evaporative horizontal cooling passage of the Great Pyramid. That nozzle transformed the pressurized water of the inclined well (the ascending passage) into a fog of microdroplets that would evaporate and cool down the air.

Both Horus and Thoth are representing the Natron manufacturing that took place on the Upper part of the Pyramid, and which needed to be cool down : they were represented as snake predators. They were fed with snakes, meaning they were fed with cold (the water).

The draw, showing the dome shaped plates in their counterflow reaction chambers, comes from a technical data sheet of a European 1800's sodium carbonate manufacturing based on the Ammonia Soda Solvay process, and is fully explained on Lenntech website (The Netherlands).

Djed Pillars / Discs of Sabu / Stone basins : the typical ancient Egyptian natron manufacturing plant

The Disc of Sabu (actually many are needed), the Djed Pillar and the Stone Basins from the Solar Temple of Nyuserre at Abu Gorab are the 3 elements used by ancient Egyptians to manufacture sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate by the Solvay process (or similar Solvay-like processes like the Hou process). These are the same elements that are required today to achieve the counterflow reactions between the ascending gas and descending brines. This reactions are producing a lot of heat that need to be cooled down to complete the process.

Of course, the disc of Sabu was set upside down into the chambers, compared to his usual modern representation.

The cooling of the Solvay reaction chambers = the cooling of the Djed Pillars

The cooling of the Solvay reaction chambers is represented in the above image of the Djed Pillar, by the arms embracing what is another Dendera Light Bulb. This Dendera Light doesn't have the same shape at the ones we know of on the Dendera reliefs, because the fog nozzle (the lotus flower at Dendera) isn't shown. There is just the fog, and inside it is the Egyptian "water ripple" hieroglyph (U+13216, Gardiner N35), or the representation of a snake. But that doesn't matter, because the Snake is the metaphor that ancient Egyptians used for water in the religious point of view.

Goddess Isis breastfeeding Horus the Child N5091 from the Louvre Museum and N3808 also from the Louvre

Goddess Isis showing the plate cold exchanger and the cooling of the disc of Sabu

We've already seen that the goddess Isis, when breastfeeding Horus the Child, was actually a metaphor of the transfer of the cooling fluid that was coming from the Queen's chamber. Most of the time, nursing Isis figures don't show much information except for the cooling fluid pipe that looks like huge horns, and a very rough and simple shape of the disc of Sabu itself.

But on the figures from the Louvre Museum shown above, well apparently the artist who made the artifacts was given more leeway : the central hole of the disc of Sabu is clearly marked and the plate cold exchanger representation that was set in the Queen's chamber is also added. Please note how the pipes are progressively merging with the plates.

Left image from the Rhode Island School of Design (RISD), Providence : Ptah-Sokar-Osiris / wood, gesso, and paint, 332-30 BCE. Second image from the Penn Museum blog. Third image is a SWEP Plate Heat Exchanger and the last image is a complete plate heat exchanger from V Thermo Enterprises, Hyderabad, Telangana.

Left : Statuette of Isis nursing Horus, Accession Number: 45.4.3a, b from the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New-York. Right : AF585 from the Louvre Museum

The discs of Sabu cooling inside the Solvay reaction chambers

The crown of goddess Isis is made of snake's heads and reproduce the design of modern firefighter fog nozzles.

All the posts on the natron manufacturing cooling of Sneferu's Red Pyramid and the Great Pyramid of Khufu : click here or on the "LE BLOG" button

The impactor of the inclined well

The wooden base of the Ptah-Sokar-Osiris figures

The operating of the grand gallery / The wooden beetle gantry scarab

The Great Serpent Apep (Apophis)

The fight between Sun god Ra and Apep / The restraint of the inclined well waters / The equal length cuts of Apep

The 14 Girdle Stones of the Inclined Well / The Dormant Breach and the Draining of the Well

The Nefertem Emblem / The Khepeshes and the Clamping Rings

The description of the horizontal evaporative cooling passage

The 32 meters collecting ramp

The Dendera Light

The Dendera Light on the reliefs at the Hathor temple is the fog of microdroplets of the theory

The Dendera Light Bulb / The double outline of the characters offering the cold / The arms and Djed Pillar

The Great Pyramid of Khufu at Giza

The scarab amulets : the representation of the wooden gantry of the grand gallery

The sarcophagus : a bio-sand filter for the production of drinking water

The horizontal passage : an evaporative cooling unit

The grand gallery : the heart of the operating cycle of the pyramid, with the wooden scarab

The shut-down of the pyramid : the grotto and the draining of the inclined well

The pyramids of Sneferu

Sneferu : the revolutionary quest for immortality

The Red Pyramid : the limestone kiln and the pure sodium carbonate (natron) production by the Solvay process

The Bent Pyramid : the chemical sand filter and the last trials before the Great Pyramid

The Disc of Sabu : a counterflow chemical reaction perforated plate used in Solvay towers

Abstract (english) : "The Khufu's Great Pyramid Air Processing Unit"

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