THE PYRAMIDS of the COLD • Preface

The "Pyramids of the Cold" study proposes a radical reinterpretation of the Great Pyramid of Khufu, moving beyond its traditional understanding as solely a tomb to envision it as a sophisticated, industrial-scale chemical manufacturing plant utilizing advanced flash-evaporative cooling technology. This theory is revolutionary because it challenges centuries of egyptological consensus by integrating engineering, physics, and a novel understanding of ancient Egyptian religious symbolism, because perhaps the most audacious and revolutionary claim of the "Pyramids of the Cold" is its assertion that ancient Egyptian religion was not merely a system of beliefs but a sophisticated framework for encoding, preserving, and glorifying scientific and technological knowledge. This perspective suggests that the pharaohs deliberately crafted this religious narrative to legitimize their rule by presenting their advanced scientific and engineering achievements as divine interventions or powers. [illustration: The Great Pyramid of Giza, the Pyramid of Khafre and the sphinx, Jim Hutton as detective Ellery Queen, courtesy of NBC Television] Color lithograph by G.W. Seitz, ca. 1878, after Carl Werner, 1870: https://wellcomecollection.org/works/exnpzjwc/images?id=x3jjcet6

THE PYRAMIDS of the COLD • Preface

Study written by French researcher Bruno COURSOL, from January 2021 to September 2025.

0.01  Avant-propos

For over 200 years now, the official version depicting ancient Egypt in general, and the raison d'être of the Great Pyramid of Khufu in particular, has never changed one iota. This totally archaic 19th-century vision is constantly repeated, without ever taking the necessary step back to realize that what is being told is pure fantasy, a perfect illustration of the mindset of the early 1800s, which has since preferred to dismiss all clues that should have allowed the ancient Egyptians to be portrayed as they really were, in this case a civilization entirely focused on knowledge, science and technology. The aim of The Pyramids of the Cold is to finally re-establish the truth about the extraordinary scientific adventure on which the pharaohs of the very first dynasties embarked.

Throughout the course of this study, you'll often have to juggle with concepts you'd probably never have thought of associating with ancient Egypt, and the greatest difficulty will surely lie in the desire and undoubted mastery to immerse yourself in what is known as ‘interdisciplinarity’. To really understand ancient Egypt, you'll need to immerse yourself in physics, chemistry, anatomy, physiology, marine biology and, most of all, you'll need to juggle with puns, metaphors and other intellectual oddities. Ancient Egyptians were light years away from what we're told; perhaps the adjective best suited to describe them would be ‘sophisticated’.

The "Pyramids of the Cold" directly confronts the long-standing academic vision of ancient Egypt, which it describes as a "totally archaic 19th-century vision" that has preferred to dismiss clues pointing to a civilization focused on knowledge, science, and technology. It argues that early egyptologists, influenced by the mindset and ideology of their time, could not comprehend the true sophistication of ancient Egyptians and thus presented a simplified, often erroneous, narrative. The study suggests that the current official version of Egyptian history is maintained due to its appeal to tourism, rather than a pursuit of scientific truth.

In essence, the "Pyramids of the Cold" is revolutionary by proposing a paradigm shift in understanding the Great Pyramid, from a funerary monument to a technological marvel, and by reinterpreting ancient Egyptian religion as a sophisticated means of encoding and glorifying scientific achievements, all supported by a re-examination of physical evidence within the pyramid itself.

Enjoy your reading.

Jim Hutton as detective Ellery Queen, posing with a magnifying glass, courtesy of NBC Television: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnifying_glass#/media/File:Jim_Hutton_Ellery_Queen_1976.JPG

"This engraving shows Dutch mathematician and physicist Jean Henri van Swinden (1746–1823) demonstrating the generation of electricity to the Felix Meritis Society in Amsterdam. The Felix Meritis Society was founded in the late 18th century to promote the arts and sciences (Felix Meritis translates as "Happiness through Merit")". Barbiers, Pieter Pietersz., and Jacques Kuyper. Laid paper, 1800–1899. Science History Institute, Philadelphia U.S.A.:  https://digital.sciencehistory.org/works/zg64tm573

0.02  Why the egyptologists have failed in deciphering ancient Egypt...

Today, the image the world has of what ancient Egypt was like 4,500 years ago was entirely forged in the early 19th century by the very first Western explorers who returned, obviously amazed, from their respective voyages to Egypt, with tens of thousands of artifacts, each more marvelous than the last, in the holds of the ships that brought them back home. But at the same time, they faced a major problem: they couldn't decently present all these artifacts without telling the story that had given rise to them. Of course, at the very beginning of the 1800s, the first egyptologists had no chance of understanding what had happened in Egypt during the time of the pharaohs, and from then on, they began to simply recount things in their own words, their own ideas, and the ideology of their century.

Egyptologists only recounted what at the time seemed most likely: the ancient Egyptians, this African people who lived several tens of thousands of years before them, could only be perceived as simple people, very simple, or even worse. On reflection, they could very well have been right. They even should have been right. But in the same way that the evolution of life on Earth has been extremely chaotic, and has seen at least 5 episodes of mass extinctions where life came within a hair's breadth of disappearing completely from the planet, the history of the development of science, technology and knowledge in the broadest sense, has had exactly the same chaotic course, and this is probably the most fundamental point that can be learned from The Pyramids of the Cold.

0.03  And why everybody is fine with it

Of course, Egyptology today is based on a huge lie, and everyone accepts the official version. Because we shouldn't kid ourselves: nothing an egyptologist can say deviates from the official version; and this official version is simply dictated by the Egyptians themselves. The only thing that interests Egypt today is the billions of dollars that come into the country each year thanks to tourism, and we can completely understand that this official version, totally stupid on so many points, has at least one advantage: it is understandable by everyone. Try to explain to the millions of tourists who visit Egyptian archaeological sites every year that before booking their plane tickets, they will have to work for hours and hours on concepts such as physics, chemistry, medicine, and that they will have to work on the deep meaning of tens of thousands of metaphors that are everywhere in Egyptian texts, and you will understand that the different Egyptian governments that have succeeded one another since the 19th century have had a single watchword in mind: that of respecting the initial vision proposed by the very first Western explorers.

“Stupid Black Men. How to Play the Race Card and Lose”, Macmillan Publishers, by Larry Elder: https://us.macmillan.com/books/9781429929059/stupidblackmen

"The astronomical ceiling at the Pronaos, outer hypostyle hall in the Temple of Hathor in the Dendera Temple complex, near Dendera, Egypt: first Band west from the centre, showing the full healed moon on a pillar depicted as "Wadjet" the Eye of Horus healed by Thoth, who is portrayed at the right." Thanks to kairoinfo4u: https://www.flickr.com/photos/manna4u/9295311496

0.05  Religion is the first master key to decipher the ancient Egyptian civilization

When I started working on the Great Pyramid, a little more than two years ago in January 2021, I would never have imagined in my wildest dreams I would be able to decipher so much of the ancient Egyptian civilization; but here it is, and it is both extraordinary and beautiful. I'm pretty sure many people already know that the academic vision of ancient Egypt is somehow phoney, that there is something wrong about how are depicted the ancient Egyptians today; and I really hope egyptologists themselves don't believe a word of the "big picture" they are presenting to us since the early 1800s, a period of History which has been totally influenced by modern colonialism: ancient Egyptians simply couldn't have been unsophisticated people farming the land, and only obsessed by a stifling religion, worshiping over 2,000 gods and goddesses.

The most revolutionary aspect of “The Pyramids of the Cold” study is the assertion that the ancient Egyptian religion was a didactic technical manual. The pharaohs, as divine rulers, encoded their scientific and engineering achievements into mythology to maintain a "religious veneer" for the masses while preserving technical data for the initiated elite. One of the most important Egyptian deities is Atum, and his importance lies in his specific theological description, which serves as a metaphorical key to the engineering process of flash-evaporative cooling. In Egyptian iconography, Atum is described as the deity "who cooled down the air and dried out the land." This is not merely a mythological claim but a literal, physical description of the effects of flash-evaporative cooling, a process where the creation of a fog of microdroplets of water absorbs thermal energy from the air, resulting in a significant temperature drop and the subsequent drying of the surrounding environment.

[illustration of the Tapéret stele] that shows the glorification of evaporation of water, that is Atum, while goddess Nut is illustrating and completing the water cycle just above him. -730 / -745 (XXIIe dynastie thébaine; XXIIIe dynastie) E 52; N 3663 at the Louvre museum [edited from original photograph]: https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010017961

The electrical room of the Great Pyramid originally housed the “sarcophagus”, which only was the biosand filter necessary for the water treatment required for the flash-evaporative cooling process to be effective. Photograph by Corinne E: https://www.tripadvisor.fr/Profile/157corinnee/Review/934152414

The study "The Pyramids of the Cold" proposes a radical shift in Egyptology, moving away from the traditional funerary interpretation of the Great Pyramid of Giza toward a model of an industrial-scale chemical manufacturing plant. This perspective demonstrates that the ancient Egyptians were a sophisticated, pre-industrial civilization that utilized advanced physics and chemistry, which they subsequently encoded into their religious mythology to maintain a "religious veneer" for the masses while preserving technical knowledge for the elite.

The Flash-Evaporative Cooling Process. The core of this technological system was the production of intense cold through flash-evaporative cooling. This process involves the transformation of a fog of microdroplets of liquid water into vapor, a phase transition that absorbs significant thermal energy from the surrounding air. The Great Pyramid was engineered to facilitate this, with the "horizontal passage" acting as the cooling conduit where pressurized water was forced through a fog nozzle (symbolized in Egyptian iconography by the lotus flower) to create the necessary mist. The efficiency of this cooling is supported by the presence of thick expansion joints and massive salt encrustations found within the passage, which are consistent with low-temperature chemical processing.

The Role of the Composite Impactor. To drive this system, the Egyptians utilized a composite weighted impactor that functioned as a piston within a central wooden Djed caisson located in the Grand Gallery. This device was hauled to the top of the Gallery by a crew of six, using a system of four ropes and stone pulleys. Upon release, the impactor fell, generating the pressure required to drive water and air through the system. The movement of this impactor was glorified in mythology through various deities; for instance, the god Khonsu is interpreted as the deification of the piston-like impactor, while the god Ra represents the wooden vessel of the impactor itself.

Chemical Manufacturing and the Solvay Process. The cold generated by the pyramid was likely used to facilitate the chemical synthesis of natron (sodium carbonate) via a process analogous to the modern Solvay process. Evidence for this includes the Sabu Disk, which is interpreted as a dome-shaped, perforated plate used for counterflow chemical reactions within industrial towers. The extreme fragility of the metasiltstone used for the disk suggests it was protected within a stationary reaction chamber, such as the stone basins found at Abu Gorab, rather than being a mobile tool. Furthermore, the Red Pyramid of Sneferu exhibits evidence of having functioned as a limestone kiln, with residual ammonia smells suggesting an early mastery of these chemical manufacturing techniques.

The "Pyramids of the Cold" study posits that the Great Pyramid of Giza functioned as a massive, industrial-scale flash-evaporative cooling system. This system was not a static monument but a dynamic machine designed to lower temperatures to near 0°C or below, facilitating the chemical synthesis of natron via a process analogous to the modern Solvay process. The operational cycle of this system relied on a composite weighted impactor (a piston-like device) that moved within a central wooden Djed caisson located in the Grand Gallery. This impactor was hauled to the top of the Gallery by a crew of six, using a system of four ropes and four Egyptian pulleys entirely made of stone (probably granite). Upon release, the impactor fell, generating the necessary pressure to drive water and air through the system. The "horizontal passage" acted as the cooling conduit, where pressurized water was forced through a fog nozzle (symbolized by the lotus flower in the Dendera reliefs) to create a mist of microdroplets. The rapid phase transition of these droplets into vapor absorbed thermal energy from the surrounding air, resulting in flash-evaporative cooling.

0.04  The salt deposits and expansion joints in the horizontal passage of the Great Pyramid: don't call yourself a scientist if you spend your time ignoring or dismissing the evidence you have right in front of you

What gives The Pyramids of the Cold its strength is that everything presented in the study is the result of a purely scientific approach. And therein lies the difference between the official vision and what I describe of what really happened, in great detail. All these details, whether about the functioning of the Great Pyramid or anything else, don't come out of nowhere: they are provided by the ancient Egyptians themselves; but of course, to understand everything, a starting point was needed, and that starting point is the famous horizontal passage of the Great Pyramid and the completely forgotten salt deposits found there. Because once again, let's not kid ourselves: if scientists had been entrusted with full responsibility for the study of the Great Pyramid, the first thing they would have done was precisely a comprehensive study of the mysterious tartar deposits found in the Queen's Chamber as well as in the small passage that leads to this chamber, the famous horizontal passage.

To my knowledge, no study of these salt deposits has been conducted, and yet they tell us everything about what really happened in the Pyramid. Of course, such a study would have shown that these salt deposits formed incredibly at very low temperatures, and we would therefore have correctly interpreted the curious joints present in the first part of this passage: extremely thick joints, 1 centimeter wide (where normally there are no joints anywhere in the pyramid), which happen to be continuous between two levels of blocks and filled with a flexible material (described as being made of resin or tar), can then only be expansion joints. We would therefore have quickly understood, with this cold and these expansion joints, what had really happened in this small conduit. But this is the easy part of the work, and the hardest part was understanding two things:

• First, we had to try to roughly understand how the ancient Egyptians, with the technical means of their time, could have created such intense cold that it would have required expansion joints to be installed where the cold was created,

• Second, we had to understand that all the answers had actually been explained by the ancient Egyptians themselves in what we now call the ancient Egyptian religion.

And this is truly the greatest discovery of The Pyramids of the Cold: the approximately 2,000 gods and goddesses of the ancient Egyptian religion were all created to glorify and deify the knowledge and scientific and technological prowess of the ancient Egyptians. If you're wondering whether the ancient Egyptians invented the wheel, my goodness, the wheel was the least of their worries! In this study, and especially with the true story of the Sabu Disk, you will finally get a little idea of ​​the true level of technological development that the Egyptians had reached 4500 years ago.

The famous representations of the Dendera light in the Hathor temple at Dendera, are nothing other than the very accurate depiction of the fog of microdroplets that was at the origin of the creation of the flash-evaporative cold. With the lotus flower Egyptians even explained how they did it by using the metaphor of the shower head: Egyptians didn't really care about the lotus flower, but they simply used it to represent how the shower is working.

0.06  Egyptologists actually keep talking about cold all the time, maybe we should give it some real importance

What's even more interesting is the parallel we can draw between, on the one hand, the extraordinary human, scientific, and technological adventure the ancient Egyptians embarked on to create the most intense cold possible in the Great Pyramid, and, on the other hand, the modern race our own world has embarked on to achieve the exact opposite of the ancient Egyptians' quest: the quest for the highest temperatures achievable in modern physics laboratories. Where the Egyptians sought the most intense cold, we seek to achieve the most intense heat. The funniest thing about all this is that egyptologists themselves keep talking about the cold, without even realizing it: they talk about Kebechet (the goddess presented as the “goddess of cold water”), they talk about the Serdab of Djoser's Step Pyramid (which also means “cold water”), and finally, they always talk about this Step Pyramid by its official name, which, according to egyptologists themselves, meant "the pyramid of the refreshment of the gods."

Of course, we will see in this study that this translation of ancient Egyptian texts, which led egyptologists to this translation, is erroneous and that the Egyptians certainly did not call it that, but on the contrary, "the pyramid of the cooling by the gods." The difference in translation is certainly minimal, and yet it changes everything, and it was indeed the gods who created the cold, since the gods were in reality only the personification, or rather the deification, of all the equipment used by the ancient Egyptians to achieve their technological feats.

One example among many is Osiris, the god of the dead, who was only the glorification of a weight, a dead weight, the dead weight of the impactor of the Great Pyramid that was at the origin of the creation of this cold; and everything surrounding Osiris, particularly the myth of Osiris, is simply the way the Egyptians glorified themselves for being arguably the true first scientists and engineers of our world.

0.07  If Dendera was known as "the Land of Atum", and Atum as the One "Who cooled down the air and dried out the land", it only is because Atum is nothing other than the glorification of the evaporation process itself

Here is one of the finest illustrations of all the enigmas and metaphors, both hidden yet right in front of everyone, that are present by the thousands within the religion of ancient Egypt: what is capable of both drying out the land and cooling the air, if not precisely the natural phenomenon of water evaporation? 

Please read Chapter 2 for a full chapter on Atum, and Chapter 4 for the Dendera Light explanations.

In summary, Dendera was known as "the Land of Atum," because just like Atum, Dendera and the Dendera Light were intimately linked to the glorification of water evaporation and the use the Egyptians made of this phenomenon.

“In the Heliopolitan Cosmogony, Atum was considered to be the first god, having created himself, sitting on a mound (benben) (or identified with the mound itself), and rose from the primordial waters (Nu).” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atum

“Atum separated land from water and basically had to organise everything himself from then on.  For a long time, he was the organisation.  And he laid good foundations. During his tenure, he cooled down the air and dried out the land, and those who came after can thank him for that.” https://susanllewellyn.wordpress.com/2010/02/05/what-kind-of-god-do-you-think-you-are-atum-1/

The fog of microdroplets instantly evaporates, and by doing so cools down the air.

0.08  To what temperature were the ancient Egyptians able to cool the Queen's Chamber down?

This is a fundamental and fascinating question. Unfortunately, since the tartar deposits in the Queen's Chamber were removed by Zahi Hawass's team in 1998, we will probably never know for sure how effective the system implemented in the Great Pyramid was, since it would have been enough to measure the size of the crystals to determine the exact temperature at which they formed. That said, we can make some suggestions. Personally, I think they managed to either get close to zero degrees Celsius or to descend to negative temperatures. The big question is actually related to the fact that their cooling system was not at atmospheric pressure (it wasn’t an adiabatic process), but rather at overpressure thanks to the impactor falling inside the central wooden Djed caisson of the Grand Gallery. No doubt, in the years and decades to come, computer models and reconstructions, to some extent, will make it possible to get closer to the true initial performances, but unfortunately this will of course not have the same flavor as if we still had a few samples of this tartar, of which there is probably nothing left today. 

Evaporative cooling applications webpage screenshot: AquaFog® from Jaybird Manufacturing Inc (Pennsylvania, USA).

Everything the ancient Egyptians have accomplished has been, in one way or another, glorified in religious mythology. Here, we have the glorification of the Bes anchor block, resisting the pressure exerted by the Taweret plug of the inclined well of the Great Pyramid of Khufu. On the image below, the granite block A, is Taweret (see Chapter 10 and following).

The hippopotamus Taweret, the Egyptian goddess of pregnant women and childbirth, is nothing other than the glorious reinterpretation of the granite plug of Great Pyramid's inclined well. This granite plug is now known as the upper granite plug [A] of the so-called ascending passage of the Great Pyramid, but during the operating time of the Pyramid, this big and grey block resembled a hippopotamus, lying at the bottom of the riverbed under a huge amount of water.

0.09  The second master key are the animals: the ancient Egyptians used in their glorifying process, each of the anatomical or behavioral characteristics of the animals they encountered like a painter uses his palette of colors

When I started working on the Great Pyramid in January 2021, I would never have imagined in my wildest dreams I would be able to decipher so much of the ancient Egyptian civilization; but here it is, and it is both extraordinary and beautiful. I'm pretty sure many people already know that the academic vision of ancient Egypt is somehow phoney, that there is something wrong about how are depicted the ancient Egyptians today; and I really hope egyptologists themselves don't believe a word of the "big picture" they are presenting to us since the early 1800s, a period of History which has been totally influenced by modern colonialism: ancient Egyptians simply couldn't have been unsophisticated people farming the land, and only obsessed by a stifling religion, worshiping over 2,000 gods and goddesses.

0.10  The legitimacy to reign because of scientific knowledge

Hidden behind the academic vision of the ancient Egyptian religion, a vast number of metaphors are describing some of the most advanced scientific and technological knowledge of that time: ancient Egyptian gods were nothing else than pharaohs' metaphoric self-glorifications of their theoretical and experimental scientific accomplishments in physics and chemistry. Most probably, pharaohs used the power of science, physics and chemistry to legitimate themselves as kings of Egypt:  they've forged an entire religion, based on science to rule their kingdom, and they would have presented that science as Magic.

The Grand Gallery in the Great Pyramid of Khufu, has been glorified into the so-called "steep sloped secret cavern of the act of hauling", mentioned in the famous Amduat 'Book of the Dead'. The curious light marks that appear inside the central gutter indicate the positioning, and therefore the size, of the wooden girdles which, sewn together, constituted the central wooden Djed caisson at the origin of the pressurization of the flash-evaporative cooling system. On the above photograph, where the people are sitting on the two side ramps were the two teams of three people who had the task of bringing the impactor back up to the top of the Grand Gallery at the end of each pressurization cycle.

Operating diagram of the Grand Gallery in the Great Pyramid, revealing its purpose and the true nature of Egyptian deities, as recording and encoding tools for scientific and technological achievements. The Grand Gallery has been glorified into the "steep sloped secret cavern of the act of hauling", mentioned in the Amduat 'Book of the Dead'. If Osiris was supposed to preside over the weighing of the hearts of the deceased, it was because Osiris was merely the glorification of a weight, that of the impactor of the Great Pyramid.

“The Weighing of the Heart, also known as the Judgment of Osiris, was a significant event in ancient Egyptian mythology and beliefs regarding the afterlife.” https://egypt-museum.com/the-weighing-of-the-heart-court-of-osiris/

The reason why Isis and Nephthys are interacting with the Djed pillar is because they were both glorifications of the two central hauling ropes of the Grand Gallery of the Great Pyramid and because they were both mostly positioned inside the central wooden caisson responsible for generating pressurized air to the flash-evaporative cooling system. Sarcophagus fragment APM08103 at the Allard Pierson Museum: https://uvaerfgoed.nl/viewer/image/11245_3_1811/2/#topDocAnchor

0.11  Religion as Encoded Science: about the true reason of why Isis and Nephthys interact with the Djed pilllar

The most significant impact of the "Pyramids of the Cold" on Egyptology is the transition from a "funerary" paradigm to a "technological" one. Above is a magnificent image perfectly illustrating the method used by the ancient Egyptians to simultaneously record and encode scientific and technological information within their religion. Indeed, if you were not among the initiated, you probably didn't know the true meaning of the Djed pillar, nor even of the two goddesses Isis and Nephthys.

As we have already seen, Isis and Nephthys are the glorifications of ropes, two ropes to be precise. But the difficulty in deciphering all the elaborate glorifications created by the Egyptians lies in their extreme sophistication: while from a technical point of view, Isis and Nephthys both represent the same two ropes (those that tirelessly raised the Great Pyramid's impactor to the top of the central wooden Djed caisson), Isis and Nephthys represent the two complementary phases of their operating cycle. When Isis glorifies the two active ropes that raised the impactor from the inclined well, Nephthys, for her part, glorifies the inactive part of this cycle, the part where these ropes descended inside the Djed caisson to be reattach with the floating impactor.

The Djed pillar, being the glorification of the central wooden caisson designed to generate the pressurized air essential for the proper functioning of the flash-evaporative cold production cycle, is shown by the position of Isis and Nephthys through two things:

• by placing their hands at body level on the Djed pillar, they indicate that they were actually positioned inside the central wooden caisson of the Grand Gallery

• by placing their hands at head level, they both indicate that their upper bodies were not inside the Djed caisson: indeed, the upper ends of the ropes were outside the caisson, as they were wound around the winding shaft

"This engraving shows Dutch mathematician and physicist Jean Henri van Swinden (1746–1823) demonstrating the generation of electricity to the Felix Meritis Society in Amsterdam. The Felix Meritis Society was founded in the late 18th century to promote the arts and sciences (Felix Meritis translates as "Happiness through Merit")". Barbiers, Pieter Pietersz., and Jacques Kuyper. Laid paper, 1800–1899. Science History Institute, Philadelphia U.S.A.: https://digital.sciencehistory.org/works/zg64tm573

0.12  God of Science Thoth and the magnifying glass

Make no mistake here, even if some parts of the study are still partially or totally unclear on some details or major items; even if some parts will be corrected or invalidated in a few months, in a few years or decades, what I am describing is what really was the ancient Egyptian civilization, 4500 years ago, while in the western world we were still playing with rocks and mud. The big secret of ancient Egypt is indeed religion; because you cannot have more than 2,000 gods and goddesses involved in a very complex and vivid mythology if it is not somehow coordinated. Of course, the coordinators were the pharaohs themselves; Pharaohs were the ones responsible for this extremely elaborate construction, and they used myths and deities to glorify what human beings are pursuing since our species appeared on the planet: scientific and technological knowledge.

If ancient Egyptians worshiped over 2000 deities, it is only because each and every one of them have been literally crafted as scientific and technological propaganda glorifications of what really have been given the legitimacy to reign to the pharaohs. This quest of scientific knowledge, that is precisely the meaning of the famous scene representing god of Science Thoth, worshiping "the Moon" as claimed by the academic consensus; because this is not the Moon Thoth is worshiping, but the ultimate symbol of Science: a magnifying glass. Of course, a magnifying glass is meant for an eye; hence the Eye of Horus on the glass.

Animals were used in Egyptian religion solely as intellectual tools, powerful metaphors to describe, without explicitly stating it, certain aspects of what truly lay behind each deity. The entire remarkable human adventure undertaken by the ancient Egyptians throughout the first four Dynasties can thus be fully deciphered and reconstructed.

0.13  Now, what are you gonna do yourself?

The original sin committed by egyptologists was believing that the ancient Egyptians were merely simple people, even aboriginal, and what undoubtedly led the entire profession astray most was failing to see that if Egyptian gods and goddesses were so often represented in animal form, it was not the result of a simplistic people but, on the contrary, the most striking expression of an extraordinary capacity to produce intellectual constructs of the highest sophistication. As will be seen repeatedly in this study, animals were used in Egyptian religion solely as intellectual tools, powerful metaphors to describe, without explicitly stating it, certain aspects of what truly lay behind each deity.

If in the 19th century, egyptologists were misled by a dramatically simplistic and probably somewhat racist vision, perhaps it is time that we finally begin collectively to take the ancient Egyptians seriously and put an end to this farce that is still today what we call "Egyptology".

Preface

First chapter

Table of contents

Operating diagrams of the Great Pyramid

Timelines

Index

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