Disc of Sabu illustrations. In the center : schematic drawing of a 1800s European carbonation Solvay tower for Sodium Carbonate manufaturing, showing the segmentation layout in individual chamber units and the counterflow dome shaped discs. Right drawing of the Disc of Sabu from Wikimedia, but with its side view inverted, as it is commonly represented upside down.
The Pyramids of the Cold - Section 15 • The Solvay process for natron manufacturing : the Disc of Sabu
In summary : the disc of Sabu was most probably one of many counterflow dome shaped plates crafted over many years, that would have been set inside chemical reaction chambers, most probably piled up into towers, for manufacturing of Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3, also called natron, the salt used by ancient Egyptians for the mummification process of their pharaohs).
15.01 The Disc of Sabu is a metasiltstone schist artifact from the first Dynasty
The disc of Sabu was discovered in the tomb of prince Sabu (around 3100-3000 BCE), pharaoh Anedjib’s son, by Walter Bryan Emery, a British Egyptologist who devoted his career to the excavation of archaeological sites along the Nile Valley. Anedjib was the fifth pharaoh of the first dynasty of Ancient Egypt.
The disc is made of metamorphic siltstone, a very fragile material that is actually a schist stone, and had been entirely carved from a single block. The disc of Sabu has a maximum diameter of 61 cm (24.01 inches) and a maximum height of 10.6 cm (4.17 inches) ; in the middle it has a hole of about 8 cm in diameter (3.15 inches).
From Wikimedia Commons : "Possible uses: mixing tool for mixing grains, with meat and water, and perhaps fruits and other. Other uses attempted - no further use, when inventor died. Tool used during large gatherings. Not a very successful design, buried with inventor. Sentimental value."
Other explanations include : "incense holder", "lotus flower shape vase" or "piece of a steam machine or turbine"...
Many theories have been written about the Disc of Sabu, but the disc couldn't have been a part of any kind of machinery involving rotating pieces of equipment or any steam machine : the disc of Sabu is way too fragile.
The common idea that the Disc of Sabu was a "mixing tool for mixing grains, with meat and water, and perhaps fruits and other" or that it was "Not a very successful design, buried with inventor. Sentimental value." is both sad and outrageous.
Chemistry was the real secret of ancient Egyptian pharaohs and Djed Pillars were very real structures involved in that field. Image thanks to Mohamed Obrahim : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1eEme-ZPc6A&t=263s
15.02 Low-Tech capabilities with infinite human and financial resources
As I have already suggested in previous sections, I believe that what we call today "ancient Egyptian gods" were actually metaphoric representations of Natron manufacturing by a Solvay-like process, that started most probably before Dynasty 1. This "quest" was nothing else than an applied research programme on the field of chemical manufacturing and it is even possible that this programme resulted in the very first Dynasty, the "Dynasty 0" or " Dynasty 00".
The first thing to consider is that ancient Egyptian scientific and technological knowledge was nothing like modern Egyptologists tend to describe.
I'm not saying they were using electricity or any other thing that fancy, but they were at the very top of what we call today "Low Technology". The Low Tech is based on very natural and simple concepts, but if you have "infinite human and financial resources" like pharaohs did, you can achieve extraordinary results.
The Great Pyramid of Khufu is the outcome of that research programme, but what we know of that pyramid today is only its lower part. That Lower Great Pyramid was designed to produce, store and transfer cold to the Upper Great Pyramid, where were most probably installed the counterflow reaction Solvay chambers.
The cold was produced by one of the most important Low Technology : the evaporative cooling. If you put very small droplets of liquid water into dry air, the water evaporates by taking energy from the air. As a result, the air loses energy and cool down.
15.03 The very first pyramid, the step pyramid of Djoser was called "the refreshment of the Gods"
If the idea of a technological role of the Great Pyramid, as a cold production unit, might seem to be troubling, let's keep in mind the official name of the very first pyramid, the step pyramid of Djoser (around 2650 BCE), that was called the pyramid of " the refreshment of the Gods".
It just turns out that this name has to be taken literally.
15.04 The Disc of Sabu and the ammonia-soda Solvay process
The purpose of this section is to demonstrate that the disc of Sabu had a key role in what was the first major technological research program of our species, and that everything we call today ancient Egyptian religion is actually referring to their technological accomplishment in physics and chemistry.
Ancient Egyptians were the first to develop the ammonia-soda process, also called Solvay process.
15.05 The 2 final magical products of the Solvay process : sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate
It is only since I started to work on the Red Pyramid of Sneferu that I could figure out the reason why ancient Egyptians had to produce cold in the Great Pyramid (next Section) : they were trying to master the natron manufacturing by the Solvay process, or a Solvay-like process. Since then, I only focused myself on the sodium carbonate manufacturing, because it is the purest mineral form of natron, and so I thought it was the goal of the entire process ; but it was probably a mistake : the Solvay process final products are actually 2 different components : the sodium carbonate (natron Na2CO3) and the sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3, also called today baking soda or bicarbonate of soda).
Both have plenty of purposes, but the more important is that they were made by pure chemistry. That chemistry craft was most probably seen by the people as pure magic.
If I'm correct, the 2 libation vessels so proudly presented to us by pharaohs in so many figures and reliefs, are actually representing these 2 components.
Pharaoh Amasis (left images) : Kneeling statuette of King Amasis from the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New-York. Accession Number: 35.9.3 ; 570–526 BCE : https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/544886. Pharaoh Hatshepsut (right image) : Large Kneeling Statue of Hatshepsut. Accession Number : 30.3.1 also from the MET (ca. 1479–1458 BCE) : https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/544448
15.06 The 2 vessel offerings with dark patina : the successful chemical manufacturing demonstration
Pharaohs Amasis and Hatshepsut are not shown in a purification or baptism act : they are not bringing libation vessels so that their content would be used right away ; they are demonstrating that the chemical manufacturing of sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate was successful.
I may be wrong, because I don't know the history of this particular Amasis figurine shown above, but it also looks like the 2 vessels have kind of a dark patina, like they were touched thousands of times, again and again for decades or hundreds of years, like worshipping people still do today on some parts of statues all over the world.
On the artifact farther below, king Taharqa is doing the same offering, but this time in front of the representations of the chemical manufacturing process heat (the falcon that eats the snake) and its cooling (snake = water = evaporative cooling).
It is said in literature that this exact kind of ancient Egyptian libation vessels are made for water purification, or sometimes for beer or wine. But if you really are planning for a religious purification act, you don't come with the lids on the libation vessels : you remove the lids. If the lids are still on the vessels, it is because whatever is inside them, it needed to be sealed off.
If it was for purification, there wouldn't need to be 2 vessels, and the lids would have been removed.
Pharaoh king Taharqa presenting god Hemen with wine E25276, from the Louvre Museum, Paris.
This amazing artifact from the Louvre Museum is outstanding, because it shows a pharaoh kneeled down in front of the representations of the heat generated by the chemical manufacturing (the falcon) and the cold production (the snake), both put on the representation of the impactor of the grand gallery / inclined well : the wooden hollow base of the figure.
15.07 King Taharqa is thanking the gods for the successful chemical manufacturing
There is no offering in this scene : the pharaoh isn't giving anything to anybody and he is even not physically connected to the rest of the artifact because he is not part of the action.
That is the falcon and the snake who gave the content of the bowls to him.
The falcon is a metaphor of the natron manufacturing heat and the snake represents the cold made out of water that cooled down the reactions.
King Taharqa, like Amasis and Hatshepsut, is simply thanking the gods with the highest respect for giving him the 2 bowls content, and that is certainly not wine as indicated in the data sheet of the artifact, but very much probably sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate if I am right about the Solvay process.
The fact that the snake is gently put between the falcon's legs, is also a perfect metaphor of the balance achieved between the heat of the Upper Great Pyramid chemical reactions and the cold produced by the Lower Great Pyramid.
The falcon and the snake should engage into a mortal combat, but they are not, they have been perfectly domesticated ; the heat and the cold have been perfectly mastered.
15.08 The snake predators feeding metaphors of the cold production
We've seen in previous posts that the key element of the cold production process in the Great Pyramid, was water and that it was represented by a snake. The great amount of pressurized water inside the inclined well was represented by the Great Serpent Apep (Apophis) and the small amount of water injected inside the evaporative cooling passage was represented in the Dendera reliefs by a small snake.
So the snake is a representation of the cold, and that cold was transferred to the Solvay towers. It is like the Solvay towers were fed with the cold. That explains why so many animals that are eating snakes as a regular diet, appear so often in ancient Egyptian religion scenes.
The mongoose, the hawk and vulture, the crocodile, the cat, the ibis... all of them are snake predators : they are nothing else than cold feeding metaphors for the Solvay reaction chambers.
15.09 The chemical manufacturing as a legitimacy to reign demonstration
These statues of pharaohs holding the 2 vessels, would also reinforce the idea that part of pharaohs legitimacy to reign was coming from their ability to demonstrate their mastering of the "magical" chemical manufacturing to their people.
Schist discs like the Disc of Sabu (First Dynasty) were used inside Solvay-like towers as dome shaped and perforated plates for counterflow chemical reactions, probably until way after the end of the Fourth Dynasty.
15.10 The counterflow chemical principle is the key of the Disc of Sabu original function
The Solvay process used in the Sodium Carbonate manufacturing, is based on the counter current principle : the brine, saturated with ammonia NH3 gas, slowly passes through the carbonating tower, from top to bottom, while carbon dioxide CO2 is injected at the bottom of the tower and forced to top. Brine and CO2 are both passing through the perforations of the mushroom shaped plates, counterflow.
15.11 One Disc for 2 possibilities of counterflow chemical reactions
Other the years, probably dozen or hundreds of discs, identical or similar to the tri-lobed schist disc of Sabu, would have been crafted. There could have been 2 major uses for such Discs :
• The ammonia saturation of the brine
The 50% salt concentration brine had first to be saturated with NH3, ammonia gas. The brine was poured on the top dome shaped side of the disc and the NH3 was injected at the bottom of the unit or the tower so that the liquid and the ascending gas would react through this counterflow design.
Typically, this is the saturation tower of the Solvay process.
• The carbonation of the ammoniated brine (more likely), as shown in the diagram below
Once the brine is saturated, the same process takes place, but this time this is the ammonia saturated brine that is gonna be reacting with an ascending flow of high temperature CO2 coming from the limestone kiln.
Typically, this is the carbonation tower of the Solvay process.
15.12 Europe / Ancient Egypt : From the glass industry to the chemical manufacturing industry
In Europe, the Solvay process was invented in Belgium in 1861 by the chemistry industry, after it had mastered the glass industry.
What is really interesting to note, is that every scholar agrees on the idea that the first ones who mastered the glass manufacturing process, were the ancient Egyptians, 5000 years ago. That is 500 years before Sneferu's reign and the Great Pyramid. 500 years to discover and master the Solvay process.
On the left is the lower part of the Red Pyramid descending passage (looking up, we can see the sky) and showing only the natural color of the stone blocks. On the right is the same passage (looking down, towards the first chamber), above the lower section, and showing red and yellow deposits both onto the ceiling and the walls.
The big pipe on the floor is going to the "burial chamber" and is supposed to bring fresh air, or get rid of most of the ammonia smell (I don't know if air is pumped in or out of the chamber).
Where the ceiling has been recently damaged, we can see the natural color of the stone. Red and yellows really are deposits, they are not the natural color of the blocks : some activity inside the pyramid, after the passage was built, was responsible for their presence.
15.13 The red deposits on the Red Pyramid descending passage and the ferrite iron of the disc
The schist material in which the Disc of Sabu is made of, contains a mineral with a very high concentration of iron : the ferrite. It is possible that the red deposits that are still visible inside the descending passage of the Red Pyramid (mostly on the ceiling), are coming from this ferrite mineral. The heat coming from the limestone kiln CO2 would have extract ferrite iron from discs of Sabu and it would have then deposit itself in the passage, where it would have rust and turn red.
It is still unclear to me where the yellow deposits we can also find in the passage are coming from.
15.14 Water, heat and cold insensibility : the metamorphic schist resistance properties
The disc of Sabu is made of a very particular stone that gives to it properties perfectly fit for the job : the metamorphic schist. The disc would have been placed inside counterflow chemical reaction towers (the Djed Pillars) or units (the Abu Gorab stone basins) and submitted to very harsh conditions : the disc would have been in contact with very concentrated brine (50% salt solution or more) and saturated with ammonia NH3 and with very hot CO2 gas. Also, as we can see on the Abu Gorab 3 holes cracked stone basins, the different units, stacked or lined up, would have been cool down and subject to high levels of thermal stress.
Schist is completely waterproof and insensible to cold or hot temperatures.
Metamorphic schist isn't sensible to fire or frost damaging. These properties explain why, in many regions of the world, this material is used to cover house's roofs : slates are made of metamorphic schist.
15.15 The metamorphic schist weakness : its fragility
The brittleness of the schist explains why it is mostly only used nowadays on roofs : it isn't supposed to get hit by anything. The same way, the disc of Sabu was perfectly secured inside the towers or the individual units they were in : the only stress the discs of Sabu would have been subject to, was thermal and chemical.
That thermal stress problem was what caused the discs to break, and that is the origin of the Eye of Horus broken into pieces myth (see more in the next Section about Horus).
Diagram of the Great Pyramid of Giza in operation, before the shutdown procedure and the draining of the inclined well.
15.16 Summary of the study : hidden behind the academic vision of the ancient Egyptian religion, a vast number of metaphors are describing some of the most advanced science and technological knowledge of that time : ancient Egyptian gods were nothing else than pharaohs' metaphoric self-glorifications of their theoretical and experimental scientific accomplishments in physics and chemistry.
Pharaohs used the power of Science to legitimate themselves as kings of Egypt : they forged an entire religion, based on science to rule their kingdom, and they presented that science as Magic.
The end game of this technological program that probably started on the very first Dynasty, was the Great Pyramid of Giza where evaporative cooling was engineered in the known part of the pyramid from the pressurized water produced in the inclined well, known today as the ascending passage.
The evaporative cold simply took advantage of the power of water, and was most probably necessary to cool down chemical manufacturing of sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate produced by an ammonia-soda Solvay process, as suggested by the very strong ammonia smell and the limestone kiln in the so-called burial chamber of the Red Pyramid. At that time, sodium carbonate was called natron, and it was the salt used for the mummification of the pharaohs (Sections 14, 15 and 16).
The cooling seems to have represented the most difficult part of the process, as suggested by the Step Pyramid's official name : according to scholars, the very first pyramid complex, the Step Pyramid of Djoser, was called "the refreshment of the Gods". No doubt that a more accurate translation would certainly be "the cooling of the Gods".
It means that ancient Egyptians were the first civilization to master a Solvay-like process for sodium carbonate manufacturing, long before it got reinvented in the 1800's in Europe. The key elements of that process is the temperature control of the chemical reactions (the cooling), and the dome shaped plate necessary for the counterflow chemical reactions to occur in an efficient way. That counterflow reaction plate is what really is the disc of Sabu.
As shown with Akhenaten and Nefertiti, the creation of the evaporative cold was the most sacred accomplishment of all (Section 17), and this is exactly what the Dendera Light is all about : the Dendera Light is the fog of microdroplets of liquid water that evaporates and creates the cold. Talking about the snake inside the Dendera Light Bulb : "The field surrounding Ra’s snake form is referred to in ancient Egyptian literature as protective magical energy in liquid form that all gods and pharaohs possess" (Faulkner, Section 2).
Everything that had been done in the Great Pyramid of Giza inspired most of the ancient Egyptian religion, and it had been glorified into what we know today as the Underworld.
The Underworld is referring to the chambers and passages of the Great Pyramid of Khufu, and in particular to the Grand Gallery where a hauling gantry beetle operated a wooden coffin shaped impactor that had a small nested granite block inside it. The impactor generated endlessly, over and over, maybe every 15 minutes the pressurized water that was then transformed into a fog of microdroplets inside the horizontal cooling passage.
The Grand Gallery of the Great Pyramid where the act of hauling was done, is the "Secret Hauling Cavern of the Underworld" described in the Amduat "Book of the Hidden Chamber".
The most important chamber of the Great Pyramid wasn't the King's chamber that only was the main water tank of the pyramid, but the Queen's chamber, the only one on the central axis of the pyramid. Because the Queen's chamber was inaccessible from the rest of the pyramid, it was glorified into the "Hidden Chamber of the Underworld" (Section 11), and because the Queen's chamber was the coolest place in the pyramid (about 5°C / 41°F), and with a constant 100% Humidity rate, this chamber was the one where the biggest amount of very hard salt encrustation had been documented by the first explorers of the pyramid in the 1800's and before it had been removed in 1998 by Zahi Hawass (Section 1). Very hard salt encrustation is the signature of the evaporative cooling process, even nowadays.
The most incredible thing is that pretty much everything I've just said, actually appears in one single myth, but it doesn't originate from ancient Egypt : it is the "Churning of the Ocean" Hindu myth that produces the immortal nectar Amrita. The fact is that the endless churning of water that ends up with the production of an elixir that gives eternal life, is exactly what were doing ancient Egyptians in the inclined well : natron was the salt used for the mummification of pharaohs.
Natron gave eternal life to pharaohs, just like the Amrita (Section 19).
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On these images, the element that Horus is holding, is the fog nozzle of the horizontal evaporative cooling passage of the Great Pyramid of Giza. The nozzle produced a fog of microdroplets (the Dendera Light) that would naturally evaporate and cool the air inside the passage, most probably close to 5°C (41°F).
The Pyramids of the Cold - Section 16 • Solvay process : the cooling of the Eye of Horus
In summary : the Wedjat Eye of Horus (œil Oudjat) is an ancient Egyptian religious representation of the Falcon Headed god of the Sky Horus. It represents the disc of Sabu, inserted inside a Solvay counterflow reaction chamber where the overheat (the vulture) needed to be cooled down (by the snake), to complete the Solvay process cycles. The vulture overheating would have been fed by the evaporative cold snake. One of many feeding metaphors involving snakes and predator killing snakes.
The broken Eye of Horus is a metaphor of the failure in the mastering of this cooling process, that ended up with broken discs of Sabu into pieces.
16.01 Horus : the Falcon Headed ancient Egyptian god of the Sky
Wikipedia : "Horus is one of the most significant ancient Egyptian deities who served many functions, most notably god of kingship and the sky. He was worshipped from at least the late prehistoric Egypt until the Ptolemaic Kingdom and Roman Egypt. He was most often depicted as a falcon, or as a man with a falcon head".
"Additional meanings are thought to have been "the distant one" or "one who is above, over"
Horus figures from the Louvre Museum, Paris. DUT 162 (left and center) : https://collections.louvre.fr/ark:/53355/cl010409963 and E 3752 (right) : https://collections.louvre.fr/ark:/53355/cl010006611
16.02 Horus and the "libation vessel" pointed towards his head
In many occasions, the ancient Egyptian god of the sky Horus is represented holding what is commonly described as a vessel of some sort, often as some kind of libation vessel for honoring gods.
The problem with this assumption is the way Horus is holding the vessel. For example, in the Horus figure DUT162 from the Louvre, I find it very hard to see a libation vessel in Horus' hands.
I'm not controversial because I'm enjoying it, but can anyone tell me what the hell is Horus looking inside the libation vessel? Is he checking if there is maybe a spider, some change, a mouse or whatever?
Seriously, how can anyone believe it is a libation vessel that Horus is holding in his hands?
Antique brass fire fog nozzle : Vintage Brass Navy Water Fire Fog Nozzle (USS Kittson, 1944) from Chairish website.
16.03 The Horus' "libation vessel" is a fog nozzle
The fog nozzle of the Great Pyramid of Giza, seems to have been designed in a very similar way as a vintage brass fire nozzle, like the ones produced for the USS Kittson in 1944 (above left photograph).
Another difference of design between the Great Pyramid fog nozzle and the Kittson nozzle, is that the top part of the Kittson nozzle end, is actually designed for solid stream : there is an additional part that doesn't show on the bottom part of the nozzle.
If you take this top part and the handle out of the picture, the resemblance with the nozzle hold by Horus is stricking.
16.04 Horus' fog nozzle pointed towards his head : he is the beneficiary of the cold, and cooling himself
The fact that Horus has the fog nozzle pointed directly towards his head is crucial, because he is doing something that everybody has already done thousands of times : he is cooling himself, the same way we are doing when we are hot ourselves : we take a fan, pointed directly to our face, and we cool down.
Horus is the beneficiary of the cold.
Hapi, the ancient Egyptian god of the annual flood of the Nile. Left : Statue of the God Hapy. Late Period, Dynasty 26, VII–VI cent. B. C. © The Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts. Right : Statuette du dieu de la crue du Nil Hâpi, N5030 from the Louvre Museum (via l’Agence photo de la Réunion des Musées nationaux et du Grand Palais © Musée du Louvre, Dist. RMN-Grand Palais / Christian Décamps).
16.05 The "libation vessel" fog nozzle holded by Hapi, the god of the waters of the Nile
Horus is not the only god holding the fog nozzle, there is another god doing the exact same thing : Hapi, the god of the annual inundation of the Nile river. The way that Hapi is holding the fog nozzle should convince the greatest skeptics that this so particular element wasn't a libation vessel used for purification or baptism.
It is not a coincidence that Hapi is also holding the fog nozzle : Hapi was the god of the Nile, and we've already seen that the water used inside the Great Pyramid for the impactor to move and the cold to be produced, was also coming from the Nile.
16.06 Hapi's fog nozzle pointed towards his belly button : he is supplying the fog nozzle with water from the Nile
This time the fog nozzle isn't pointed to Hapi's face like it is the case on the Horus' figures, but it is pointed to its belly button, and that is a reference to the umbilical cord that is supplying the baby with oxygen and nutrients.
Contrary to Horus, Hapi is not a beneficiary of the cold, he is the one who created it in the first place : he was supplying the water and he was transfer it to the fog nozzle.
Another thing about deciphering the ancient Egyptian metaphors is that it is very difficult to get rid of our modern reflexes, of our modern way of thinking.
For example, when we've already seen in Section 7, that when Bes is holding a knife above his head, it has the exact same meaning of Maori traditional Haka performers, throat slitting themselves.
Here, the direction in which the fog nozzle is pointed to doesn't have any meaning : the metaphor is only about the fluid transfer, only about the umbilical cord. Hapi is simply represented supplying the fog nozzle with his water.
16.07 The Lotus Flower of Nefertem real meaning : the fog nozzle
We also know from the Dendera Light stone reliefs in the Hathor temple, that the Lotus flower was another representation of the fog nozzle : the Dendera Light bulb is originating from the Lotus Flower.
Most probably the metaphor about this Lotus Flower is about the very particular structure of its seed head that looks like a perfect shower head, and roots that are showing many tubes, a perfect metaphor of the water pipe.
Exceptional photograph of a fight between a mongoose and a snake, thanks to Zahid Ali Khan, and posted on flickr : https://www.flickr.com/photos/zak24/130824707
16.08 The fights between Heat and its Cooling by animal metaphors
Because the Dendera Light bulb is originating from the Lotus Flower, we know that the Lotus flower was another representation of the fog nozzle : most probably the metaphor about this Lotus Flower is about the very particular structure of its seed head that looks like a perfect shower head, and its roots that are showing many tubes, a perfect metaphor of the water supply pipe of the nozzle.
The common thread between the Dendera Light relief (above) and the Mongoose artifact (below), is the Lotus Flower. The Lotus Flower being a representation of the fog nozzle, the Dendera Light bulb is a representation of the fog of microdroplets originating from the nozzle, but on the Mongoose artifact, the fog isn't depicted.
Instead there is a Mongoose, a ferocious animal for snakes.
The Mongoose is one out of many metaphors ancient Egyptians used to represent the heat produced by chemical manufacturing, and the endless fight between this heat and their efforts to cool down the process.
Egyptian Mongoose (ichneumon) E 14227 from the Louvre Museum, Paris © Musée du Louvre / Hervé Lewandowski.
16.09 The artefacts with a broken fog nozzle base
Please note that on this artefact E14227 from the Louvre, it seems that the base of the nozzle had been broken off : there is no clean cut. Most probably something was attached to it, and it should correspond to the end of the water supply pipe.
Same thing with the artefact N 5030 (above 16.05), as well as E 3752 (above 16.02), also from the Louvre.
The Wedjat Eye of Horus is a representation of the cooling of the disc of Sabu. Lacrimal system thanks to Felipe Micaroni Lalli : https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sistema_lacrimal.gif
16.11 The Wedjat Eye of Horus and the water metaphor about the snake
To comprehend the real meaning of Horus, we need to understand what the Eye of Horus representations are really depicting.
The first thing to note is about the snake cobra, because its tail is connected to the Eye in a very particular location : the point where tears are coming from.
Once again, there is the water metaphor here, with the snake. It even looks like the snake is replicating the anatomic location and the physiological shape of the naso-lacrimal duct (red arrows). This shouldn't surprise anybody, because if absolutely no egyptologist would ever consider ancient Egyptians in a scientific and technological manner, everybody agrees that they were very advanced in the medical field. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_medicine
The second point is the vulture with its wings deployed around the Eye : this is another metaphor of the fight between Heat and its cooling, because it is a fight between the vulture and the snake. Like the mongoose, vultures are other ferocious snake predators.
The ancient Egyptian god of the Sky Horus as a child, represented breast-fed by Isis and with a falcon head, holding the fog nozzle of the evaporative cooling passage of the Great Pyramid.
Left image : Isis nursing Horus from the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New-York. 1070–343 B.C. Third Intermediate Period–Late Period. Accession Number: 17.190.1641. Center image : Egyptian Mongoose (ichneumon) E 14227 from the Louvre Museum, Paris © Musée du Louvre / Hervé Lewandowski. Right image : Statue of a Crocodile with the Head of a Falcon AN 22.347 from the Walters Art Museum, Baltimore, Maryland.
Mongoose and Cobra drawing by General Douglas Hamilton : https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MongooseCobra.jpg
The metaphorical representations of the Solvay chambers cooling
16.12 The metaphors about predators eating snakes
We've seen that the key element of the operating of the Great Pyramid, was the water and that it was represented by a snake. The great amount of pressurized water inside the inclined well was represented by the Great Serpent Apep (Apophis) and the small amount of water injected inside the evaporative cooling passage was represented in the Dendera reliefs by a small snake.
So the snake is a representation of the cold, and that cold was transferred to the Solvay towers. It is like the Solvay towers were needed to be fed with the cold. That explains why so many animals that are eating snakes as a regular diet, appear so often in ancient Egyptian religion scenes.
The mongoose, the hawk and vulture, the crocodile, the cat, the ibis... all of them are snake predators : they are nothing else than feeding metaphors for the Solvay reaction chambers.
Please note the hawk headed crocodile figurine on the above photograph. What these 2 animals have in common : they eat snakes.
16.13 The metaphors about the cooling fluid transfers
Horus is often represented on many figures as a child with Isis breastfeeding him. This scene is not to be taken literally.
Like everything else about ancient Egyptian religion, this is only a metaphor : there is no breastfeeding, and no Horus as a child.
The metaphor is about the transfer of the cooling fluid from the Queen's chamber to the Solvay towers. Isis is not giving milk to Horus, but the cold brine that was most probably circulating into the cold plate exchanger that was installed inside that chamber.
16.14 The Wedjat Eye of Horus is a representation of the cooling of the disc of Sabu
So we have the evaporative cooling representation (the snake = water = tear drops), as well as the Heat representation (the vulture eager to start eating the snake), and right in the middle is the Eye of Horus, a perfect shape in the form of a disc… a disc producing Heat that needs to be cooled down.
I think I'm not taking any risk by saying that the Wedjat Eye of Horus is a representation of the Disc of Sabu, the dome shaped and perforated plate that was set into overheating chemical reaction chambers for sodium carbonate (natron) and sodium bicarbonate manufacturing.
And in my opinion, we even know exactly what these reaction chambers would have looked like : the stone basins in the Sun temple of Nyuserre at Abu Ghurab.
The solar barque entering the underworld primal waters is the representation of the impactor of the Great Pyramid entering the inclined well.
The 80 years of conflict and challenges between Horus and Set
16.15 Failure in the cooling process resulted in the breaking of discs of Sabu : it is the broken Eye of Horus
The disc of Sabu is made of metamorphic siltstone, a very fragile material that is actually a schist stone, and it had been entirely carved from a single block. When the balance between excessive heat and cooling failed, the discs of Sabu were susceptible to break over excessive thermal stress, whether it resulted from excessive heat or excessive cooling, in particular with direct water cooling.
"The Eye of Horus, wedjat eye or udjat eye is a concept and symbol in ancient Egyptian religion that represents well-being, healing, and protection. It derives from the mythical conflict between the god Horus with his rival Set, in which Set tore out or destroyed one or both of Horus's eyes and the eye was subsequently healed or returned to Horus." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horus
16.16 The wooden and stone boat race is a about the wooden cradle float and granite weight of the impactor
"… the other gods were getting tired from over eighty years of fighting and challenges. Horus and Set challenged each other to a boat race, where they each raced in a boat made of stone. Horus and Set agreed, and the race started. But Horus had an edge: his boat was made of wood painted to resemble stone, rather than true stone. Set's boat, being made of heavy stone, sank, but Horus' did not. Horus then won the race, and Set stepped down and officially gave Horus the throne of Egypt." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horus
Images on the left : Ptah-Sokar-Osiris Figure, Accession Number: 21.9.1a-c from the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New-York. On view at The Met Fifth Avenue. On the right : Imhotep's figures showing the granite block weight, without the wooden cradle float : figure of Imhotep EA40666 from the British Museum
16.17 The race between Horus and Set on boats made of stone or wood is referring to the impactor
"… the other gods were getting tired from over eighty years of fighting and challenges. Horus and Set challenged each other to a boat race, where they each raced in a boat made of stone. Horus and Set agreed, and the race started. But Horus had an edge: his boat was made of wood painted to resemble stone, rather than true stone. Set's boat, being made of heavy stone, sank, but Horus' did not. Horus then won the race, and Set stepped down and officially gave Horus the throne of Egypt." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horus
The wooden cradle float that was the main structure of the impactor is represented in many Ptah-Sokar-Osiris figurine bases. The weight made in stone, most probably out of granite, is most of the time only fully represented on Imhotep's figures.
The wooden cradle and the granite weight combined together were forming the impactor, and this boat race involving boats made of wood or stone is all about the impactor.
The disc of Sabu was installed inside chemical reaction chambers of Solvay towers, the Djed Pillars
16.18 Horus god of the Sky, but also the "distant one" or "one who is above, over"
Wikipedia : "Horus is one of the most significant ancient Egyptian deities who served many functions, most notably god of kingship and the sky. He was worshipped from at least the late prehistoric Egypt until the Ptolemaic Kingdom and Roman Egypt. He was most often depicted as a falcon, or as a man with a falcon head".
If we consider Horus to be the representation of the Natron manufacturing by the Solvay process and Set, as the overheating of the Solvay reaction chambers, it would explain a lot of things and in particular the famous conflict between Horus and Set, that lasted 80 years.
Horus can be tricky to understand, because he is a representation of the natron manufacturing that was located on the Upper Pyramid, but he was cooled down by the Lower Pyramid. That explains certain meanings of his name :
Wikipedia : "Additional meanings are thought to have been "the distant one" or "one who is above, over"
Horus, as the Natron manufacturing unit representation on the Upper part of the Great Pyramid was indeed away and over everybody who were working in the grand gallery, precisely to cool down the reaction chambers.
But some other clues also suggest that the elevation of the Great Pyramid wasn't finished at the time when it was functional and that there was kind of a flat roof, or partial flat roof, at the level of the Lady Arbuthnot chamber.
• The copper parts hammered down onto the doors (or Gantenbrink's slab) on the upper part of the Queen's northern and southern shafts.
• The change of direction of the northern King's chamber shaft
• The granite beams of the King's chamber complex that no longer rest on granite but on regular limestone blocks.
In other words, the Solvay towers would have been set in open air, on the Upper part of the Great Pyramid and that explains another name of Horus : god of the Sky.
Goddess Isis breastfeeding Horus the Child N5091 from the Louvre Museum and N3808 also from the Louvre
16.19 Goddess Isis showing the plate cold exchanger and the cooling of the disc of Sabu
We've already seen that the goddess Isis, when breastfeeding Horus the Child, was actually a metaphor of the transfer of the cooling fluid that was coming from the Queen's chamber. Most of the time, nursing Isis figures don't show much information except for the cooling fluid pipe that looks like huge horns, and a very rough and simple shape of the disc of Sabu itself.
But on the figures from the Louvre Museum shown above, well apparently the artist who made the artifacts was given more leeway : the central hole of the disc of Sabu is clearly marked and the plate cold exchanger representation that was set in the Queen's chamber is also added.
Diagram of the Great Pyramid of Giza in operation, before the shutdown procedure and the draining of the inclined well.
16.21 Summary of the study : hidden behind the academic vision of the ancient Egyptian religion, a vast number of metaphors are describing some of the most advanced science and technological knowledge of that time : ancient Egyptian gods were nothing else than pharaohs' metaphoric self-glorifications of their theoretical and experimental scientific accomplishments in physics and chemistry.
Pharaohs used the power of Science to legitimate themselves as kings of Egypt : they forged an entire religion, based on science to rule their kingdom, and they presented that science as Magic.
The end game of this technological program that probably started on the very first Dynasty, was the Great Pyramid of Giza where evaporative cooling was engineered in the known part of the pyramid from the pressurized water produced in the inclined well, known today as the ascending passage.
The evaporative cold simply took advantage of the power of water, and was most probably necessary to cool down chemical manufacturing of sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate produced by an ammonia-soda Solvay process, as suggested by the very strong ammonia smell and the limestone kiln in the so-called burial chamber of the Red Pyramid. At that time, sodium carbonate was called natron, and it was the salt used for the mummification of the pharaohs (Sections 14, 15 and 16).
The cooling seems to have represented the most difficult part of the process, as suggested by the Step Pyramid's official name : according to scholars, the very first pyramid complex, the Step Pyramid of Djoser, was called "the refreshment of the Gods". No doubt that a more accurate translation would certainly be "the cooling of the Gods".
It means that ancient Egyptians were the first civilization to master a Solvay-like process for sodium carbonate manufacturing, long before it got reinvented in the 1800's in Europe. The key elements of that process is the temperature control of the chemical reactions (the cooling), and the dome shaped plate necessary for the counterflow chemical reactions to occur in an efficient way. That counterflow reaction plate is what really is the disc of Sabu.
As shown with Akhenaten and Nefertiti, the creation of the evaporative cold was the most sacred accomplishment of all (Section 17), and this is exactly what the Dendera Light is all about : the Dendera Light is the fog of microdroplets of liquid water that evaporates and creates the cold. Talking about the snake inside the Dendera Light Bulb : "The field surrounding Ra’s snake form is referred to in ancient Egyptian literature as protective magical energy in liquid form that all gods and pharaohs possess" (Faulkner, Section 2).
Everything that had been done in the Great Pyramid of Giza inspired most of the ancient Egyptian religion, and it had been glorified into what we know today as the Underworld.
The Underworld is referring to the chambers and passages of the Great Pyramid of Khufu, and in particular to the Grand Gallery where a hauling gantry beetle operated a wooden coffin shaped impactor that had a small nested granite block inside it. The impactor generated endlessly, over and over, maybe every 15 minutes the pressurized water that was then transformed into a fog of microdroplets inside the horizontal cooling passage.
The Grand Gallery of the Great Pyramid where the act of hauling was done, is the "Secret Hauling Cavern of the Underworld" described in the Amduat "Book of the Hidden Chamber".
The most important chamber of the Great Pyramid wasn't the King's chamber that only was the main water tank of the pyramid, but the Queen's chamber, the only one on the central axis of the pyramid. Because the Queen's chamber was inaccessible from the rest of the pyramid, it was glorified into the "Hidden Chamber of the Underworld" (Section 11), and because the Queen's chamber was the coolest place in the pyramid (about 5°C / 41°F), and with a constant 100% Humidity rate, this chamber was the one where the biggest amount of very hard salt encrustation had been documented by the first explorers of the pyramid in the 1800's and before it had been removed in 1998 by Zahi Hawass (Section 1). Very hard salt encrustation is the signature of the evaporative cooling process, even nowadays.
The most incredible thing is that pretty much everything I've just said, actually appears in one single myth, but it doesn't originate from ancient Egypt : it is the "Churning of the Ocean" Hindu myth that produces the immortal nectar Amrita. The fact is that the endless churning of water that ends up with the production of an elixir that gives eternal life, is exactly what were doing ancient Egyptians in the inclined well : natron was the salt used for the mummification of pharaohs.
Natron gave eternal life to pharaohs, just like the Amrita (Section 19).
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Drawing of Shu by Jeff Dahl : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shu_(Egyptian_god)#/media/File:Shu_with_feather.svg
King Akhenaten from tutincommon on flickr and bust of Queen Nefertiti from the Ägyptisches Museum Berlin collection, presently in the Neues Museum and photographed by Philip Pikart : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefertiti#/media/File:Nofretete_Neues_Museum.jpg
Drawing of Tefnut by A8takashi : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tefnut#/media/File:Tefnut.png
The Pyramids of the Cold - Section 17 • The changes made by Akhenaten and Nefertiti
In summary : King Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti represented themselves as god Shu and goddess Tefnut, the deities that combined together created the evaporative cooling in the Great Pyramid of Giza. In other words, Akhenaten and Nefertiti wanted to be seen as the ones creating the magical cold, and that is what they are giving to the heat of the solar rays : the ankh symbol is a representation of the evaporative cold.
Akhenaten and Nefertiti stopped worshiping Amun, the deity that was directly referring to the evaporative cold produced inside the Great Pyramid of Giza, but they kept worshiping the evaporative cold, from the theoretical point of view. This could be the first recorded fracture between theoretical and experimental science.
17.01 Akhenaten the heretic king
King Akhenaten was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty who abandoned Egypt's traditional polytheism for Atenism, a worship centered around one single god : Aten. But at the same time, Akhenaten represented himself as god Shu, and his wife Nefertiti as the ancient Egyptian goddess Tefnut. After Akhenaten's death, his son Tutankhamen restored the ancient traditional polytheism.
Akhenaten 's name meaning was "Effective for the Aten". Reigning about 17 years, between 1353 and 1336 BCE, or between 1351 and 1334 BCE, he was the tenth ruler of Dynasty 18. Before the fifth year of his reign, he was known as Amenhotep IV (Ancient Egyptian: jmn-ḥtp, meaning "Amun is satisfied").
King Akhenaten from tutincommon on flickr and bust of Queen Nefertiti from the Ägyptisches Museum Berlin collection, presently in the Neues Museum and photographed by Philip Pikart : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefertiti#/media/File:Nofretete_Neues_Museum.jpg
Drawing of Shu by Jeff Dahl : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shu_(Egyptian_god)#/media/File:Shu_with_feather.svg
Drawing of Tefnut by A8takashi : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tefnut#/media/File:Tefnut.png
17.02 The misleading theory of the monotheism of Akhenaten's religious changes
If most people know that Akhenaten pretty much wiped out every single god of his ancestors, few probably know that Akhenaten represented himself as god Shu and his wife Nefertiti as goddess Tefnut.
It looks like all the attention on the changes made by Akhenaten on the Egyptian religion, was directed towards Aten, the Solar disc god ; but I think we got mislead : what we should have focus ourselves on, was Shu and Tefnut.
I understand that egyptologists didn't want to talk about anything else than Aten, because if they would have try to explain why a pharaoh and his wife were depicting themselves as gods, they would probably have to rethink everything about ancient Egyptian religion.
Representing ourselves as god is a pretty strong statement, don't you think? Some could even say it is a huge political statement.
To this day, both the French and English Wikipedia's pages about Akhenaten don't even mention that fact*. The least we can do is talk about it.
Additionally to Shu and Tefnut, Akhenaten also liked to represent the Ankh sign, a symbol I just couldn't figure out exactly until I started to work on this heretic king.
Shu, Tefnut and the Ankh symbol are linked together, and I will try to demonstrate in this article that it is Akhenaten and Nefertiti who are giving the Ankh symbols to the Aten solar disc, and not them who are receiving the Ankhs ; and that the meaning of this Ankh symbol isn't "life" or "breath of life", but "cold air".
*In the entire English Wikipedia's page on Akhenaten (a document of about 10575 words, according to http://compteur-de-mots.net/), the word "Shu" appears 2 times, but only in a discussion about Aten's name ; and the total amount of times that "Tefnut" is written in the page about Nefertiti… is zero (copy-paste the text in Word and use the Research function, for example).
Finger Ring depicting King Akhenaten and Queen Nefertiti as Shu and Tefnut from the Metropolitan Museum of Art. New Kingdom, Amarna Period, ca. 1353–1336 BC. Accession Number : 26.7.767. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/544679
Excerpt from the MET data sheet : "This ring was found at Amarna. The hieroglyphs may be read as an ideogram. The two seated figures are probably Akhenaten (left) and Nefertiti (right) as the deities Shu (air as indicated by the feather he holds) and Tefnut (moisture)".
17.03 Akhenaten represented himself as god Shu and Nefertiti as goddess Tefnut
It is often said that Akhenaten rejected every ancient Egyptian god and that the cult of Aten was monotheist, but it isn't exact : Shu and Tefnut were saved.
Not only Shu and Tefnut were the only deities that Akhenaten didn't reject when he decided to reject all the other ancient deities, but surprisingly he decided that he would himself be depicted as god Shu, and his wife Nefertiti as the goddess Tefnut.
"During the “Aten heresy” led by Akhenaten, Shu, and Tefnut remained popular with the apparently monotheistic pharaoh. The pharaoh and his queen (Nefertiti) were depicted as the personification of Shu and Tefnut emphasising their divinity. As the Aten represented the sun disk, the solar aspect of Shu and his link with the pharaoh apparently prevented Shu from being proscribed along with Amun and the other gods." https://ancientegyptonline.co.uk/shu/
"Even on the pharaoh's own stone sarcophagus, images of Nefertiti replaced those of traditional goddesses. Akhenaten, by associating himself with Shu and the Aten, and Nefertiti with Tefnut, had effectively presented himself and his family as living gods." https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1110/the-art-of-the-amarna-period/
King Akhenaten worshiping Aten. Please notice the Ankh sign pointed towards the nose of Akhenaten as a sphinx. Source : Echnaton (Akhenaten) as Sphinx. From Amarna. Kestner Museum, Hannover. Photographed by Hans Ollermann on flickr : https://www.flickr.com/photos/menesje/2212492438/
17.04 The Akhenaten sphinx basking in the Aten Sun : beams are about heat, not light
This image showing King Akhenaten in the form of a sphinx is maybe one of the best representations of the real meaning of the sun Aten.
It is said that Aten is radiating beams of light, but the position of the sphinx is telling us another story : he is depicted resting on the ground with the sun beams all around him, back included, and these beams have hands at their ends.
Hands are made for touching, so the solar beams are "touching" the sphinx but also all the scenery around him : they are not light beams but they are transmitting the heat radiating from the Solar disc Aten and they are "petting" the sphinx who is basking in the sun.
"Shu is thus not only "air which is in the sun", but also, according to Akhenaton's religion, "heat which is in Aton". Egyptian Myths And Legend, By Donald Mackenzie
Aten is a representation of the heat, and in my opinion it is just here to emphasize Akhenaten's role/performance/demonstration into cold production.
Aten is not shown with beams of light emanating from him : he is radiating heat.
If Akhenaten is receiving the Ankh symbols of life from Aten because of the hands at the end of the Solar beams, why is there also hands on every single beam, whether they are directed towards Akhenaten/Nefertiti or not ?
Hands are not giving the Ankh symbols, they are taking them from Akhenaten and Nefertiti.
Detail (showing Akhenaten) of the relief of King Akhenaten (Akhenaton) and Queen Nefertiti, in the State Museums at Berlin : King Akhenaton (left) with his wife, Queen Nefertiti, and three of their daughters under the rays of the sun god Aton, altar relief, mid-14th century BCE. Photographed by Steven Zucker and posted on flickr, https://www.flickr.com/photos/profzucker/7670416780/in/photostream/
17.05 King Akhenaten and Nefertiti were creating cold air : that is the meaning of the Ankh symbol
If it is Akhenaten/Shu (meaning the dry warm air) and Nefertiti/Tefnut (meaning the spat water in the form of droplets) who are giving the Ankh symbols to the Solar disc Aten, then it means that the Ankh symbol is what comes out of the association of Shu and Tefnut : cold air.
The Ankh is the symbol of cold air, an element that is processed through the nose and that explains why Akhenaten and Nefertiti are expelling Ankh symbols through the nose : they are expelling cold air through the nose.
The hands at the end of the Solar beams are not meant to grab something (exception made of the Ankhs generated by Akhenaten and Nefertiti), they are here to emphasize the fact that these beams were touching things and people. The beams are representing the heat of the Solar disc Aten, and only Akhenaten and Nefertiti themselves would be able to respond to it, with the cold air : the Ankh symbols.
17.06 The Ankh is the symbol of the evaporative cooling
Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti represented themselves as god Shu and goddess Tefnut, the deities that combined together created the evaporative cooling in the Great Pyramid of Khufu.
In other words, Akhenaten and Nefertiti wanted to be seen as the ones creating the magical cold, and that is what they are giving to the heat of the solar rays : the ankh symbol is the cold.
Please note on this State Museums at Berlin's relief, that both Akhenaten (above photograph) and Nefertiti (photograph below) have Ankh signs next to their noses. These Ankhs aren't given to them by Aten, but it is they, Akhenaten and Nefertiti who are giving the Ankh symbols : they are offering the cold.
It is the association of dry warm air (personified as god Shu) and spat water (the goddess Tefnut), that was producing the cold in the horizontal passage of the Great Pyramid, by evaporative cooling.
17.07 Goddess Tefnut isn't a representation of any kind of water : she stands for spat water, that is water in form of liquid droplets
Tefnut isn't a representation of any kind of water : it is not about the water from the Nile (that is represented with god Hapi), or water from the ocean or water to drink : Tefnut is representing spat water, that is water in form of liquid droplets, whether it is dew drops, or rain drops or even tinier drops that are responsible for moisture and humid air.
This water spitting thing is so important that this is even represented in her name.
"Tefnut (tfnwt) is a deity of moisture, moist air, dew and rain in Ancient Egyptian religion."
"Literally translating as "That Water", the name Tefnut has been linked to the verb 'tfn' meaning 'to spit' and versions of the creation myth say that Ra (or Atum) spat her out and her name was written as a mouth spitting in late texts." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tefnut
17.08 God Shu isn't a representation of any kind of air : he stands for dry and warm air but also fog
"The ancient Egyptian god Shu is represented as a human with feathers on his head, as he is associated with dry and warm air." [...]
"Fog and clouds were also Shu's elements" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shu_(Egyptian_god)
"Shu is thus not only "air which is in the sun", but also, according to Akhenaton's religion, "heat which is in Aton". Egyptian Myths And Legend, By Donald Mackenzie
17.09 Theoretical physics (SHU and TEFNUT) versus experimental physics (AMUN)
I couldn't find any reference to the roles that took Shu and Tefnut under the reign of Amenhotep III, but it is well documented that his son Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten) represented himself in Shu (the god of dry and warm air), while his wife Nefertiti represented herself in Tefnut (the goddess of spat water). We've also seen that this is Akhenaten who is giving the Ankh symbol to the heat of Aten.
And this is the key to understand what happened with Akhenaten heretic vision of religion.
We've seen that worshiping Amun or the Aten, at the time of Amenhotep III was considered to be the same thing. It was 2 different point of views of the same thing, 2 visions of the evaporative cooling process : the theoretical point of view and the experimental point of view.
For hundreds of years, what had been worshiped the most was what happened in the Great Pyramid : Apep (the pressurized waters of the well), Atum (the small amount of pressurized water ejected out of the well at each cycle of operating of the impactor), Nefertem (the pipe and the fog nozzle) and Amun (the fog of microdroplets evaporating and creating the cold), are all directly referring to the Great Pyramid.
Shu (the god of dry and warm air), Tefnut (the goddess of spat water), Geb (the god of liquid water) and Nut (the goddess of humidity, water in the air), are all about the theoretical point of view of the evaporative process.
For some reason, what Amenhotep III and IV (Akhenaten) wanted to do, is to focus their worshiping to the theoretical vision of the evaporative process, to the detriment of the historical experimental accomplishments in the Great Pyramid.
"Theoretical physics is a branch of physics that employs mathematical models and abstractions of physical objects and systems to rationalize, explain and predict natural phenomena. This is in contrast to experimental physics, which uses experimental tools to probe these phenomena." Source Wikipedia
17.10 Akhenaten rejected everything about HOW was produced the cold, and HOW it will be used
It is like Akhenaten decided to forget and disprove every part of ancient religion that referred to how was created the cold : all the gods referring to the Grand Gallery (like Ptah, Sokar, Osiris, Aker...) or the Great Serpent Apep of the inclined well or even Nefertem and its fog nozzle in the horizontal passage. But he also wasn't interested in how it will be used in the Solvay process cooling (Horus, Isis, Nephthys, Seth...).
In other words, Akhenaten wanted to concentrate its worship on the central part of his ancestors work, the magical part of the entire Solvay manufacturing : the cold and the chemical manufactured products of the Solvay process itself.
Kneeling statuette of King Amasis, from the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New-York. Accession Number: 35.9.3 ; 570–526 B.C. (center image).
Pharaoh king Taharqa "presenting god Hemen with wine" E25276 from the Louvre Museum, Paris (right image).
This amazing artifact from the Louvre Museum is outstanding, because it shows a pharaoh kneeled down in front of the representations of the heat generated by the chemical manufacturing (the falcon) and the cold production (the snake), both put on the representation of the impactor of the grand gallery / inclined well : the wooden hollow base of the figure.
17.11 Akhenaten only changed the rules, not the game
"During the Amarna Period (1353 - 1336 BCE), when Akhenaten banned the cult of Amun along with the rest of the gods and raised the god Aten as the sole god of Egypt, the ankh sign continued in popular use. The symbol is seen in paintings and inscriptions at the end of the beams of light emanating from the solar disc of Aten, bringing life to those who believe." https://www.worldhistory.org/Ankh/
This excerpt from worldhistory.com is particularly interesting : the academic interpretation is that the ankh sign is given by Aten to Akhenaten and Nefertiti.
But I disagree. In my opinion, this scene has to be interpreted in the exact same way as the one with pharaoh Amasis and his two jars, on the above photograph.
King Amasis was following the tradition : he was worshiping the entire story of his ancestors and he was demonstrating that the chemical manufacturing of sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate by the Solvay process was successful.
King Akhenaten doesn't want to continue worshiping non important gods, he doesn't care about the technical part of the process, he just cares about the cold and he wants to be associated with it.
The cold is the only thing you need to complete the Solvay process.
The evaporative cooling is the transformation of dry warm air into cold air, using water in form of droplets, but the key is air. The cooling is producing cold air. And air is processed through the nose.
Akhenaten not only wanted to show that he was successfully able to manufacture the Solvay products, but he also wanted to demonstrate that he was creating the cold.
King Akhenaten is represented giving the 2 jars containing sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate to the Aten Solar disc, but he is also represented breathing cold air.
17.12 The meaning of Akhenaten's name is "Effective for the Aten" : it suggests that he was supposed to produce something
The idea that Akhenaten is depicted giving something to Aten, instead of the opposite, is actually suggested in his name : the meaning of Akhenaten is "Effective for the Aten". And that was also true for the first 5 years of his reign when his name was Amenhotep IV, from the ancient Egyptian: jmn-ḥtp, meaning "Amun is satisfied".
Representations of ancient Egyptian god Amun. Draw courtesy of Jeff Dahl : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amun#/media/File:Amun.svg
Head of Amun from the Metropolitan Museum of Art : https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/544780
17.13 Aten "simply became another way in which to express one's devotion to Amun" : devotion to Aten = devotion to Amun
About Amun : "His cult was the most powerful and popular in Egypt for centuries", but Amenhotep III and his son Akhenaten wanted to banish Amun and replace him with Aten : this is not Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV) who introduced the cult to Aten, but his father Amenhotep III, and the Aten was also directly referring to the cult of Amun.
"By the time of Amenhotep III (1386-1353 BCE), the priests owned more land, had more cash on hand, and were almost as powerful as the pharaoh. Amenhotep III introduced religious reforms in an attempt to curb the power of the priesthood, but they were fairly ineffective.
His most significant reform was the elevation of a formerly minor deity, Aten, to his personal patron and encouraged the worship of this god alongside Amun. The cult of Amun was unaffected by this, however, and continued to grow. Aten was already associated with Amun and with Ra as the solar disc representative of the sun's divine power. The symbol of Aten simply became another way in which to express one's devotion to Amun, and the priests continued to live their comfortable lives of privilege and power." https://www.worldhistory.org/amun/
In summary : the devotion to Aten = devotion to Amun.
17.14 Amun is the personification of the Dendera Light fog of microdroplets creating the evaporative cold
If, in some ways, Amun = Aten, and Aten is all about the evaporating cooling because of Shu and Tefnut, then it means that Amun is also about the evaporative cooling.
"Amun (also Amon, Ammon, Amen, Amun-Ra) is the ancient Egyptian god of the sun and air. He is one of the most important gods of ancient Egypt who rose to prominence at Thebes at the beginning of the period of the New Kingdom (c. 1570-1069 BCE). His cult was the most powerful and popular in Egypt for centuries."
"He was known as "The Concealed God" - he whose nature could not be known and associated with air or the wind which can be felt but not seen or touched."
"His name means "the hidden one," "invisible," "mysterious of form"… His presence was everywhere, unseen but felt like the wind."
https://www.worldhistory.org/amun/
All these epithets of Amun are strongly suggesting that he was the representation of the fog of microdroplets that was created into the horizontal cooling passage of the Great Pyramid : it was becoming humidity, water in the form of a gas, hence invisible, with no shape and it was engulfing into the passage with the speed of the wind.
In other words, Amun is the personification of the Dendera Light.
The idea of Amun being a metaphoric personification of the Dendera Light / fog of microdroplets evaporating and creating the cold, is reinforced by the similarities between Amun and Aten, the god worshiped by Amenhotep III and his son, Akhenaten.
Diagram of the Great Pyramid of Giza in operation, before the shutdown procedure and the draining of the inclined well.
17.15 Summary of the study : hidden behind the academic vision of the ancient Egyptian religion, a vast number of metaphors are describing some of the most advanced science and technological knowledge of that time : ancient Egyptian gods were nothing else than pharaohs' metaphoric self-glorifications of their theoretical and experimental scientific accomplishments in physics and chemistry.
Pharaohs used the power of Science to legitimate themselves as kings of Egypt : they forged an entire religion, based on science to rule their kingdom, and they presented that science as Magic.
The end game of this technological program that probably started on the very first Dynasty, was the Great Pyramid of Giza where evaporative cooling was engineered in the known part of the pyramid from the pressurized water produced in the inclined well, known today as the ascending passage.
The evaporative cold simply took advantage of the power of water, and was most probably necessary to cool down chemical manufacturing of sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate produced by an ammonia-soda Solvay process, as suggested by the very strong ammonia smell and the limestone kiln in the so-called burial chamber of the Red Pyramid. At that time, sodium carbonate was called natron, and it was the salt used for the mummification of the pharaohs (Sections 14, 15 and 16).
The cooling seems to have represented the most difficult part of the process, as suggested by the Step Pyramid's official name : according to scholars, the very first pyramid complex, the Step Pyramid of Djoser, was called "the refreshment of the Gods". No doubt that a more accurate translation would certainly be "the cooling of the Gods".
It means that ancient Egyptians were the first civilization to master a Solvay-like process for sodium carbonate manufacturing, long before it got reinvented in the 1800's in Europe. The key elements of that process is the temperature control of the chemical reactions (the cooling), and the dome shaped plate necessary for the counterflow chemical reactions to occur in an efficient way. That counterflow reaction plate is what really is the disc of Sabu.
As shown with Akhenaten and Nefertiti, the creation of the evaporative cold was the most sacred accomplishment of all (Section 17), and this is exactly what the Dendera Light is all about : the Dendera Light is the fog of microdroplets of liquid water that evaporates and creates the cold. Talking about the snake inside the Dendera Light Bulb : "The field surrounding Ra’s snake form is referred to in ancient Egyptian literature as protective magical energy in liquid form that all gods and pharaohs possess" (Faulkner, Section 2).
Everything that had been done in the Great Pyramid of Giza inspired most of the ancient Egyptian religion, and it had been glorified into what we know today as the Underworld.
The Underworld is referring to the chambers and passages of the Great Pyramid of Khufu, and in particular to the Grand Gallery where a hauling gantry beetle operated a wooden coffin shaped impactor that had a small nested granite block inside it. The impactor generated endlessly, over and over, maybe every 15 minutes the pressurized water that was then transformed into a fog of microdroplets inside the horizontal cooling passage.
The Grand Gallery of the Great Pyramid where the act of hauling was done, is the "Secret Hauling Cavern of the Underworld" described in the Amduat "Book of the Hidden Chamber".
The most important chamber of the Great Pyramid wasn't the King's chamber that only was the main water tank of the pyramid, but the Queen's chamber, the only one on the central axis of the pyramid. Because the Queen's chamber was inaccessible from the rest of the pyramid, it was glorified into the "Hidden Chamber of the Underworld" (Section 11), and because the Queen's chamber was the coolest place in the pyramid (about 5°C / 41°F), and with a constant 100% Humidity rate, this chamber was the one where the biggest amount of very hard salt encrustation had been documented by the first explorers of the pyramid in the 1800's and before it had been removed in 1998 by Zahi Hawass (Section 1). Very hard salt encrustation is the signature of the evaporative cooling process, even nowadays.
The most incredible thing is that pretty much everything I've just said, actually appears in one single myth, but it doesn't originate from ancient Egypt : it is the "Churning of the Ocean" Hindu myth that produces the immortal nectar Amrita. The fact is that the endless churning of water that ends up with the production of an elixir that gives eternal life, is exactly what were doing ancient Egyptians in the inclined well : natron was the salt used for the mummification of pharaohs.
Natron gave eternal life to pharaohs, just like the Amrita (Section 19).
© 2022 Copyright milleetunetasses.com. All rights reserved.
The coffer of the Great Pyramid of Khufu : "Great Pyramid Passages" Volume 1, Plate CXXV page 250, by John and Morton Edgar in 1910 : https://archive.org/details/GreatPyramidPassagesVol11910Edition/page/n259/mode/1up
Production of drinking water by biosand filtration : https://wiki.lowtechlab.org/wiki/Water_-_Biosand_Filter#
The Pyramids of the Cold - Section 18 • the Sarcophagus
In summary : the sarcophagus of the Great Pyramid of Giza, was a biosand filter for water softening, originally operated in the little room located between the antechamber and the entry to the Grand Gallery.
The water treatment by biosand filtration is producing drinking water, but it was performed to control scale, corrosion, and microbiological growth within the evaporative cooling process in the horizontal passage of the pyramid.
Despite the sarcophagus filtration and the softening of the water used to power up the Great Pyramid, salt encrustations in both the horizontal passage and the Queen's chamber were discovered by the first explorers of the pyramid. The salt deposits were up to one-half inch thick, before being removed in 1998 under the supervision of Zahi Hawass, as Director General of the Giza monuments.
18.01 The original location of the sarcophagus
The granite "sarcophagus" found in the King's chamber of the Great Pyramid of Giza, for many reasons couldn't have been designed for the mummy of pharaoh Khufu : there is absolutely no sign, decoration or hieroglyph nowhere on the object, nor there is anywhere in the King's chamber or in the entire pyramid, if we don't consider the quarry marks found in the "relieving " chambers.
Plus, the granite box has been meticulously hammered down, on its entire top surface as well as along the slot on one of its corners. That work alone, would have take maybe 30 minutes or a full hour to realize for one person ; and for what other reason than to hide the specific design that was implemented onto these parts, and maybe because the box was simply not operated in the King's chamber, where it had been found and it had to be taken out from where it had been neatly installed originally, and taken out of there with force.
The sarcophagus of the Great Pyramid of Giza and the location where it had been operated for water treatment as a biosand filter, in between the antechamber and the opening to the Grand Gallery. The photograph on the right has been taken from the top of the Grand Gallery.
Photograph on the left : the 4 grooves on the south granite wall of the King's antechamber of the Great Pyramid of Khufu at Giza. Please notice that the entire chamber is built with massive granite blocks, but surprisingly the top of this south wall is made of very worn out and very low-quality limestone. In my opinion, this limestone had been added after the pyramid shut-down, when this chamber didn't need to be connected to the exterior anymore for ventilation.
18.02 The Antechamber drying room
The sarcophagus was set in a complex structure that was supplying it with water from the main water tank of the Great Pyramid : the King's chamber. The amount of water that was feeding the sarcophagus was most probably controlled by a portcullis system similar to the one that was set in the Bent Pyramid of Khufu's father, Sneferu (see above images).
It is possible that the control of the portcullis was done from the antechamber slab stone, but from here everything looks very blur to me.
What really was the antechamber, a drying room for the 3 ropes of the Hauling Beetle is discussed in Section 12.
The 4 air duct imprints in the Lady Arbuthnot's chamber are the continuation of the 4 grooves of the antechamber's south wall.
Original drawing by Franck Monnier : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza#/media/File:Kheops-chambre-roi.jpg
18.03 The traces of the original location of the sarcophagus
On the above drawing from Franck Monnier, we can very easily see where the sarcophagus was set during the operation period of the Great Pyramid of Giza.
Please note the intensive digging that had been made around the sarcophagus water supply shaft, either because something technologically important needed to be wrecked by ancient Egyptian themselves (most probably the portcullis apparatus), or because someone in modern times, guessed that something important was happening here and tried to find out more.
Please also note that the 4 air ducts would have passed right through what is described today as part of a forced tunnel, presumably digged by Vyse.
The strange trajectory of the northern King's chamber shaft of the Great Pyramid of Giza.
Original images thanks to the Bibliothèque nationale de France. "Histoire de l'art égyptien d'après les monuments, depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à la domination romaine" 1858-1879, by Émile Prisse d'Avennes (1807-1879). © Bibliothèque nationale de France, département Réserve des livres rares : http://passerelles.bnf.fr/grand/pas_2457.htm
18.04 The strange trajectory of the northern King's chamber shaft
The first thing to note is that if the northern shaft as a very particular trajectory, it is because it was designed to come close to the sarcophagus. In this area, everything was built around the sarcophagus : the red dotted line indicates what would be the exact duplicate of the southern King's chamber shaft, obviously something was supposed to be right on the trajectory.
The second part is a little tricky to understand, because the above drawing is in 2 dimensions only. What one need to mentally add to this draw is the height data : the shaft is going up from the King's chamber to the exterior of the pyramid.
"Modeling Improved Performance of Reduced-Height Biosand Water Filter Designs" by James A. Phillips and Samuel J. Smidt, and published on MDPI : https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/5/1337
18.05 The extreme diversity of biosand filter designs
The images that are illustrating this part of the study are about biosand filters, designed to provide clear drinkable water in people's homes.
These biosand filters are perfectly adapted to fit in people's homes, but they can be find in many shapes and sizes, in particular there are a lot of high capacity sand filters with the exact same shape as the sarcophagus of the Great Pyramid, as shown below.
Photographs from : https://wiki.lowtechlab.org/wiki/Water_-_Biosand_Filter#
18.06 The sarcophagus was a biosand filter for water softening for the evaporative cooling process
I first thought that the sarcophagus found in the King's chamber was a biosand filter for production of drinking water for the crewmembers of the Hauling Beetle, but I have to admit it was a little… romantic, I would say.
Nowadays, evaporative cooling is a extraordinary process, but like every process it has some disadvantages, and the most problematic is surely limescale : salt encrustation.
4500 years ago, ancient Egyptians had to deal with that same problem, and they did exactly what we do today : they softened the water coming from the King's chamber, and they used sand filtration.
The most amazing thing is that everybody knows the sand filter that was used inside the Great Pyramid to soften the water : it is the sarcophagus
18.07 The well of the King's chamber and the biofilm of the biosand filtration
It is possible that the well inside the King's chamber, could validate the idea that the sarcophagus was a biosand filter, with a living biofilm on its surface, because it would have been a perfect water reserve to secure the biofilm even when the chamber was empty.
In biosand filters, it is crucial that the biolayer stays under water all the time. If the upper layers of the filter get dry, the biolayer dyes and the filter will need 30 days to get a functional biolayer back, starting when water is coming back into these upper layers.
We know that the water that powered the Great Pyramid, was coming from the annual flood of the Nile, and there was most probably very irregular water levels, regularly or in some particular periods of time.
The well would have saved the biolayer when water supply was failing.
The sarcophagus of the Great Pyramid of Giza, was a biosand filter originally operated in the little room located between the antechamber and the entry to the Grand Gallery. The water treatment by biosand filtration was to control scale, corrosion, and microbiological growth within the evaporative cooling process.
"Ram Pokherai drinks clean water from his family's biosand filter. Clean water helps children stay healthy, which means they are less likely to need time away from school, so their education improves. Providing clean water has important knock-on effects." Courtesy of Editorial, Humanitarian & Travel Photographer Gavin Gough : https://www.gavingough.com/clean-water-in-rural-nepal
Images from this assignment are being used to raise awareness of the important work that Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology, CAWST is doing, providing the resources and education required for reliable clean water supplies in rural areas. https://www.cawst.org/
18.08 Why is water treatment important in an evaporative cooling system?
I first thought that the sarcophagus found in the King's chamber was a biosand filter for production of drinking water for the crewmembers of the Hauling Beetle, but I have to admit it was a little… romantic, I would say.
Evaporative cooling is a extraordinary process, but like every process it has some disadvantages, and the most problematic is surely it's maintenance. Because water is everywhere in the process, many problems are coming from that water, and the first thing to do is to start with water as clean and as sterile as possible.
Before water starts the evaporative cooling, it needs to be filtered, and that was the function of the sarcophagus, as a biosand filter. More on the sarcophagus in Section 18.
Excerpt from the website of EVAPCO, Westminster, Maryland, United States : https://www.evapco.com/faq/answer/water-treatment-evaporative-cooling-system
"Effective water treatment works to control scale, corrosion, and microbiological growth within an evaporative cooling system. It also helps to ensure heat transfer efficiency and extend the service life of the equipment."
"When an evaporative cooling system rejects heat to the atmosphere, only pure water is evaporated. As this occurs, the dissolved ions—naturally occurring in the makeup water source—are left behind. Without proper water treatment, the dissolved ion concentration increases as evaporation continues and, at some point, will reach saturation of the ions, which can lead to scale. The most common form of scale is calcium carbonate. Preventing scale via water treatment impacts the efficiency of heat transfer, thereby reducing energy consumption of the entire system."
"Microbiological growth in evaporative systems can lead to accelerated corrosion rates, heat transfer deficiencies due to biofilm, as well as human health related concerns. There are a variety of reasons why one system may experience higher biological activity than another. Tower location, nearby construction or farming operations, the makeup water source, and more can all lead to an increased level of bacteria in the water."
Functioning of a Biosand filter for drinking and softening water production : https://www.cawst.org/services/expertise/biosand-filter/more-information
18.09 What is a Biosand Filter ?
A biosand filter (BSF) is an adaptation of the traditional slow sand filter, which has been used for community drinking water treatment for 200 years. The biosand filter is smaller (about 1 m tall, 0.3 m wide on each side) and adapted so that it does not flow continuously, making it suitable for use in people’s homes. The filter container can be made of concrete or plastic. It is filled with layers of specially selected and prepared sand and gravel. The sand removes pathogens and suspended solids from contaminated drinking water. A biological community of bacteria and other micro-organisms grows in the top 2 cm of sand. This is called the biolayer. The micro-organisms in the biolayer eat many of the pathogens in the water, improving the water treatment.
Pathogens: micro-organisms in water that make us sick
Suspended Solids: dirt and other small pieces in the water (may also be called “turbidity”)
Source : https://www.cawst.org/services/expertise/biosand-filter/more-information
The sand filter of Sneferu's Bent Pyramid, in the east-west passageway that has its entrance on the west face of the pyramid (this is at the first portcullis, at the western side of the passage). Images from guardians.net : https://guardians.net/egypt/cyberjourney/dahshur/bentpyramid/bent_pyramid_interior.htm
18.10 The sand filter of the Bent Pyramid
The reason I'm confident that the sarcophagus was for sand filtration, is that this equipment was already in use in the Bent Pyramid of King Sneferu. Obviously, it is not something that egyptology is talking about, and in the academic studies about this pyramid, it looks like it was preferred to be forgotten.
But it is here : a perfect sand filter, with (most probably) its original sand and the water supply portcullis that is neatly adapted to the filter.The reason I'm confident that the sarcophagus was for sand filtration, is that this equipment was already in use in the Bent Pyramid of King Sneferu. Obviously, it is not something that egyptology is talking about, and in the academic studies about this pyramid, it looks like it was preferred to be forgotten.
But it is here : a perfect sand filter, with (most probably) its original sand and the water supply portcullis that is neatly adapted to the filter.
On the above photographs, the curious L shape of the portcullis is only due to formers egyptologists that needed to get pass through the portcullis, so they neatly cut it out.
18.11 Why was the Bent Pyramid sand filter for ?
Why did the Bent Pyramid has been built for, looks much more difficult to comprehend.
I would say it served the purpose of being a last series of trials before the Great Pyramid was built.
For example the lower section could have served for the development of a more efficient limestone kiln with the chimney that would have been air intake, and the sand filter could have been the "prototype" of the sand filter in the Great Pyramid.
I think that the fact this pyramid has two separate entrances on two different faces, and that starting at a 52° angle it suddenly changes to a more gradual angle of 43°, is because they wanted to try many things on this pyramid.
18.12 The umpteenth changed of plans and the foolish idiots
Once again, the idea that Sneferu's engineers changed their minds at the very last minute, because they realized that at 52° angle, the pyramid would have been too high, is outrageous.
Everyone on Earth is fascinated by the extraordinary ancient Egyptian artifacts beauty, that could only come from a very advanced civilization, and in the same time they accept the idea that they were also foolish idiots.
We should be ashamed of ourselves… this is my personal opinion.
Diagram of the Great Pyramid of Giza in operation, with the biosand filter sarcophagus.
18.13 Summary of the study : hidden behind the academic vision of the ancient Egyptian religion, a vast number of metaphors are describing some of the most advanced science and technological knowledge of that time : ancient Egyptian gods were nothing else than pharaohs' metaphoric self-glorifications of their theoretical and experimental scientific accomplishments in physics and chemistry.
Pharaohs used the power of Science to legitimate themselves as kings of Egypt : they forged an entire religion, based on science to rule their kingdom, and they presented that science as Magic.
The end game of this technological program that probably started on the very first Dynasty, was the Great Pyramid of Giza where evaporative cooling was engineered in the known part of the pyramid from the pressurized water produced in the inclined well, known today as the ascending passage.
The evaporative cold simply took advantage of the power of water, and was most probably necessary to cool down chemical manufacturing of sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate produced by an ammonia-soda Solvay process, as suggested by the very strong ammonia smell and the limestone kiln in the so-called burial chamber of the Red Pyramid. At that time, sodium carbonate was called natron, and it was the salt used for the mummification of the pharaohs (Sections 14, 15 and 16).
The cooling seems to have represented the most difficult part of the process, as suggested by the Step Pyramid's official name : according to scholars, the very first pyramid complex, the Step Pyramid of Djoser, was called "the refreshment of the Gods". No doubt that a more accurate translation would certainly be "the cooling of the Gods".
It means that ancient Egyptians were the first civilization to master a Solvay-like process for sodium carbonate manufacturing, long before it got reinvented in the 1800's in Europe. The key elements of that process is the temperature control of the chemical reactions (the cooling), and the dome shaped plate necessary for the counterflow chemical reactions to occur in an efficient way. That counterflow reaction plate is what really is the disc of Sabu.
As shown with Akhenaten and Nefertiti, the creation of the evaporative cold was the most sacred accomplishment of all (Section 17), and this is exactly what the Dendera Light is all about : the Dendera Light is the fog of microdroplets of liquid water that evaporates and creates the cold. Talking about the snake inside the Dendera Light Bulb : "The field surrounding Ra’s snake form is referred to in ancient Egyptian literature as protective magical energy in liquid form that all gods and pharaohs possess" (Faulkner, Section 2).
Everything that had been done in the Great Pyramid of Giza inspired most of the ancient Egyptian religion, and it had been glorified into what we know today as the Underworld.
The Underworld is referring to the chambers and passages of the Great Pyramid of Khufu, and in particular to the Grand Gallery where a hauling gantry beetle operated a wooden coffin shaped impactor that had a small nested granite block inside it. The impactor generated endlessly, over and over, maybe every 15 minutes the pressurized water that was then transformed into a fog of microdroplets inside the horizontal cooling passage.
The Grand Gallery of the Great Pyramid where the act of hauling was done, is the "Secret Hauling Cavern of the Underworld" described in the Amduat "Book of the Hidden Chamber".
The most important chamber of the Great Pyramid wasn't the King's chamber that only was the main water tank of the pyramid, but the Queen's chamber, the only one on the central axis of the pyramid. Because the Queen's chamber was inaccessible from the rest of the pyramid, it was glorified into the "Hidden Chamber of the Underworld" (Section 11), and because the Queen's chamber was the coolest place in the pyramid (about 5°C / 41°F), and with a constant 100% Humidity rate, this chamber was the one where the biggest amount of very hard salt encrustation had been documented by the first explorers of the pyramid in the 1800's and before it had been removed in 1998 by Zahi Hawass (Section 1). Very hard salt encrustation is the signature of the evaporative cooling process, even nowadays.
The most incredible thing is that pretty much everything I've just said, actually appears in one single myth, but it doesn't originate from ancient Egypt : it is the "Churning of the Ocean" Hindu myth that produces the immortal nectar Amrita. The fact is that the endless churning of water that ends up with the production of an elixir that gives eternal life, is exactly what were doing ancient Egyptians in the inclined well : natron was the salt used for the mummification of pharaohs.
Natron gave eternal life to pharaohs, just like the Amrita (Section 19).
© 2022 Copyright milleetunetasses.com. All rights reserved.
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